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Review
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Cedric Mezrag
Summary: This paper reviews the efforts in modelling Generalised Parton Distributions (GPDs) using continuum techniques based on Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations. It first provides a definition and discusses the main properties of GPDs. Then, it details the strategies developed in the past decade in the meson sector, highlighting the potential measurements of pion GPDs at future colliders. The challenges in targeting baryons in the future are also emphasized.
Review
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Mauricio Narciso Ferreira et al.
Summary: In this work, we review some significant progress in the investigation of the QCD gauge sector using the continuum Schwinger function methods and lattice simulations. These non-perturbative phenomena, such as the generation of a gluon mass, taming of the Landau pole, stabilization of the gauge coupling, and infrared suppression of the three-gluon vertex, play a crucial role in maintaining the internal consistency of the theory.
Review
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Daniel S. Carman et al.
Summary: This paper discusses the investigation of nucleon resonance electroexcitation amplitudes to better understand the dynamics of hadron mass emergence. Using experimental data from Jefferson Laboratory, the authors analyze the momentum dependence of dressed quark mass through the use of continuum Schwinger function methods (CSMs). The findings suggest that CSMs could be used to validate the predictions in future experiments.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Zanbin Xing et al.
Summary: We present a novel approach to calculate the gravitational form factor of pion using the ladder approximation of the Bethe-Salpeter equation with contact interactions. A key aspect of this approach is the symmetry-preserving treatment of the dressed pi pi amplitude, which reveals the contributions from intrinsic quarks and bound states, the latter being essential for the D-term of pion in the soft-pion limit. The method we propose in this study can be applied to numerous processes of significance in physics.
Review
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Minghui Ding et al.
Summary: Visible matter is characterized by the proton mass. The emergence of the proton mass in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) links theory and observation. Nonperturbative tools, such as continuum Schwinger function methods, have been applied to problems in hadron and particle physics to establish this connection and explore the role of the running gluon mass, process-independent effective charge, and running quark mass in stabilizing QCD.
Article
Physics, Nuclear
K. Raya et al.
Summary: Observable measures provide clear windows into emergent hadron mass and its modulations by Higgs boson interactions, which can be accessed through generalised parton distributions (GPDs). Analysis reveals various properties and predictions, such as stiffness differences between gravitational and electromagnetic form factors, tightness of K pressure profiles compared to pi profiles, and similar fraction of meson mass-squared carried by glue and sea combined as with the valence degrees-of-freedom.
Article
Physics, Nuclear
Z. -F. Cui et al.
Summary: The analysis of the pion valence-quark distribution function predicts that its behavior at x approximately equal to 1 follows the model of (1 - x)(β(σ)), taking into account the pion wave function prescribed by QCD. However, the empirical status of this behavior remains uncertain due to disagreements in fitting existing data. Further experimental data is needed to reach a final conclusion.
EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL A
(2022)
Review
Physics, Multidisciplinary
H. Gao et al.
Summary: This review examines the latest situation concerning the proton charge radius, with particular focus on electron-scattering measurements. The importance of accurate knowledge about the proton charge radius for understanding quantum chromodynamics and bound state quantum electrodynamics calculations is discussed, along with the theoretical backgrounds and recent developments in determining the proton charge radius using different experimental techniques. Upcoming experiments and the puzzle of the deuteron charge radius are also mentioned.
REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS
(2022)
Review
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Rong Wang et al.
Summary: This article introduces one of the hot scientific topics in high-energy nuclear physics—measuring the internal structures of the nucleon and the nuclear matter, as well as proposing the Electron-ion collider in China (EicC) as a future high-energy nuclear physics project. The plans and conceptual designs of the accelerator and detectors of EicC are briefly discussed, illustrating some highlights of the experiments that will be performed at EicC.
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Daniele Binosi
Summary: Emergent Hadron Mass (EHM) is a mechanism that explains the masses of hadrons and is intimately connected to their origin or confinement. EHM has become a key research focus for understanding strong interactions, utilizing Dyson-Schwinger equations for investigation.
Article
Physics, Nuclear
J. Papavassiliou
Summary: This article presents a comprehensive review of the key concepts associated with the Schwinger mechanism in QCD, highlighting the synergy between functional methods and lattice simulations and showcasing recent advances.
Article
Physics, Nuclear
Zhu-Fang Cui et al.
Summary: Radii are simple Poincare-invariant properties associated with hadrons and light nuclei. Recent measurements and analyses have shown uncertainties and imprecisions in the radii of the proton, pion, kaon, and deuteron. The statistical Schlessinger point method (SPM), independent of practitioner-induced bias, provides an objective expression of the information contained in any data and is applicable to diverse systems and observables.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Ya Lu et al.
Summary: This study uses consistent determination of valence distribution functions (DFs) for proton and pion at the same hadron scale, and presents a unified prediction for all DFs including valence, glue, and four-flavour-separated sea. The results show that while identifiable parton classes carry the same hadron light-front momentum fractions for both proton and pion at any scale, the behavior of DFs is strongly dependent on the hadron.
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Catarina Quintans
Summary: The M2 beamline at CERN/SPS is a unique facility that provides high-intensity muon and hadron beams in the few hundred GeV energy range. AMBER is a new fixed-target experiment at CERN that aims to study fundamental aspects of QCD, focusing on the Emergence of Hadron Mass mechanism. The experiment will investigate various properties of protons and mesons, as well as explore the structure of mesons using pion- and kaon-induced Drell-Yan measurements. The upgrade of the M2 beamline with radio-frequency cavities may also enable high-purity kaon beams for further studies.
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Cedric Mezrag
Summary: These lecture notes aim to provide an overview of the theoretical and phenomenological aspects of Generalised Parton Distributions for master's and Ph.D. students.
Review
Physics, Nuclear
R. Abdul Khalek et al.
Summary: This report describes the physics case, detector requirements, and evolving detector concepts for the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) experimental program. The EIC will be a new facility in the United States with the capability to collide high-energy electron beams with high-energy proton and ion beams, providing access to regions dominated by gluons. The use of polarized beams in the EIC will allow for unprecedented access to the spatial and spin structure of particles. The report aims to advance the physics program and develop detector concepts that meet the requirements for the EIC.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Vanamali Shastry et al.
Summary: We analyze the generalized quasi, Ioffe-time, and pseudodistributions of the valence quarks in the pion at the quark model scale. We use the framework of the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model and investigate the basic question of how fast the pion has to move to effectively reach the infinite momentum limit, where the approach can provide the information on the generalized parton distribution functions. With developed analytic expressions, we conclude that to effectively approach the infinite momentum limit in the Ioffe-time distributions for values of the Ioffe-time accessible in lattice QCD, one roughly needs the pion momenta of the order of similar to 3 GeV.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Alexandre Deur et al.
Summary: The QCD effective charge alpha(g1)(Q) is an observable that characterizes the magnitude of the strong interaction. Measurements carried out at Jefferson Lab have provided improved and expanded results for alpha(g1)(Q) in the low to moderately high momentum range. The data show that alpha(g1)(Q) becomes independent of momentum at very low Q and compare well with recent predictions based on Dyson-Schwinger equations and the AdS/CFT duality.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Z-F Cui et al.
Summary: Assuming the existence of an effective charge to define the evolution scheme for parton distribution functions (DFs), this study derives strict lower and upper bounds on all Mellin moments of the valence-quark DFs of pionlike systems. By using numerical simulations of lattice-regularized quantum chromodynamics (QCD) consistent with these bounds, parameter-free predictions for pion valence, glue, and sea DFs are obtained. The study shows that the form of the valence-quark DF is consistent with predictions derived from the QCD-prescribed behavior of the pion wave function.
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
P. C. Barry et al.
Summary: In a global QCD analysis, different treatments of valence quark distribution lead to significant differences at large x values, with resummation boosting the total momentum carried by gluons to approximately 40%. The redistribution induced by resummation increases the gluon contribution to the pion mass to approximately 40 MeV.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
J. Dove et al.
Summary: Quark-antiquark annihilation measurements confirm the asymmetry between down and up antiquarks within protons. The majority of a proton's mass is in the form of quark kinetic and potential energy, as well as gluon energy from the strong force. The presence of more down antiquarks than up antiquarks in protons suggests the need for further study to understand this antimatter asymmetry.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
J-L Zhang et al.
Summary: The structural properties of π and K mesons provide insights into mass generation in the Standard Model and the modulation by the Higgs boson. Novel effects in impact parameter space and mass and pressure profiles are revealed through generalised parton distributions constructed from light-front wave functions and one-dimensional valence distribution functions. Notably, K pressure profiles are spatially more compact than π profiles, reaching near-core pressures similar to those in neutron stars.
Article
Physics, Nuclear
J. Arrington et al.
Summary: The emergence of the bulk of the Universe's visible mass and the mechanisms behind the structure of hadrons are profound questions that are being investigated through the study of pseudoscalar mesons like the pion and kaon. Different approaches such as continuum QCD phenomenology, lattice-regularised QCD, and global analysis of parton distributions are being utilized to explore the partonic structure and mass mechanisms of these mesons. Experimental measurements, including those from the anticipated electron-ion collider, will provide valuable insights into the structures of pions and kaons, aiding in a better understanding of their properties and roles in QCD.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICS G-NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Zhu-Fang Cui et al.
Summary: By analyzing existing precise pion+electron elastic scattering data and using interpolation method, the pion charge radius is determined with a value slightly different from the commonly quoted average. More precise data collection and analysis are needed to verify the results. Insufficient information is found in the available kaon+electron elastic scattering data sets to extract an objective result for the charged-kaon radius, supporting the necessity for more accurate data.
Review
Physics, Nuclear
Craig D. Roberts et al.
Summary: In the standard model of particle physics, there are two mass generating mechanisms: one related to the Higgs boson which is well understood, and the other embedded in quantum chromodynamics responsible for the emergence of hadronic mass, which remains puzzling. Recent progress has been made using theoretical tools like continuum Schwinger function methods and lattice-regularised QCD to understand these mechanisms better and shed light on Nature's Nambu-Goldstone modes. New experimental facilities are expected to contribute greatly in resolving the puzzles of emergent hadronic mass.
PROGRESS IN PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
(2021)
Review
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Daniele P. Anderle et al.
Summary: The EicC project in China proposes to construct an Electron-ion collider based on an upgraded heavy-ion accelerator, providing highly polarized electrons and protons with variable center of mass energies. The main goals include precise measurements of nucleon structure, partonic structure of nuclei, interaction with nuclear environment, and exotic states with heavy flavor quark contents. A hermetical detector system with cutting-edge technologies will be constructed to achieve these physics goals.
FRONTIERS OF PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Constantia Alexandrou et al.
Summary: This study presents a calculation of the pion and kaon Mellin moments extracted directly in lattice QCD using a three-derivative local operator. The results are converted to the MS scheme and evolved at a scale of 2 GeV with three-loop expressions in perturbation theory. Excited states contamination is evaluated to determine the systematic error and additional analyses are performed to reconstruct the x-dependence of the pion and kaon PDFs.
Article
Physics, Nuclear
Minghui Ding et al.
Article
Physics, Nuclear
Z-F Cui et al.
Review
Physics, Nuclear
S. J. Brodsky et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS E
(2020)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Xurong Chen et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Craig D. Roberts
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Craig D. Roberts et al.
EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL-SPECIAL TOPICS
(2020)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
G. Krein et al.
Article
Physics, Particles & Fields
Z-F Cui et al.
EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL C
(2020)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Minghui Ding et al.
Review
Physics, Nuclear
Arlene C. Aguilar et al.
EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL A
(2019)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Raza Sabbir Sufian et al.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Balint Joo et al.
Review
Physics, Nuclear
Maxim V. Polyakov et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS A
(2018)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Muyang Chen et al.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Shu-Sheng Xu et al.
Article
Physics, Nuclear
Si-Xue Qin et al.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
S. Kumano et al.
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Craig D. Roberts
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Fei Gao et al.
Review
Physics, Nuclear
Alexandre Deur et al.
PROGRESS IN PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
(2016)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
M. Masuda et al.
Review
Physics, Nuclear
V. Punjabi et al.
EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL A
(2015)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Si-Xue Qin et al.
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Francois Englert
REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS
(2014)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Peter W. Higgs
REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS
(2014)
Article
Physics, Nuclear
Chen Chen et al.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
S. Chatrchyan et al.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
G. Aad et al.
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
R. Machleidt et al.
PHYSICS REPORTS-REVIEW SECTION OF PHYSICS LETTERS
(2011)
Article
Physics, Nuclear
Stanley J. Brodsky et al.
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Matthias Aicher et al.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2010)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Roy J. Holt et al.
REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS
(2010)
Article
Physics, Nuclear
H. P. Blok et al.
Review
Physics, Nuclear
G. M. Huber et al.
Article
Physics, Nuclear
Mandar S. Bhagwat et al.
Article
Physics, Nuclear
V. Tadevosyan et al.
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
T. Horn et al.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2006)
Review
Physics, Multidisciplinary
AV Belitsky et al.
PHYSICS REPORTS-REVIEW SECTION OF PHYSICS LETTERS
(2005)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
J Volmer et al.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2001)
