4.6 Review

A Blueprint for Transforming Indigos to Photoresponsive Molecular Tools

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Red-light driven photoisomerisation and supramolecular transformation of indigo amphiphiles in aqueous media

Ming-Hin Chau et al.

Summary: This study reports the newly designed red-light responsive N, N’-alkyl-aryl-substituted indigo amphiphiles, which exhibit excellent photoswitchability and photostability in organic media. When dissolved in aqueous media at pH 7, supramolecular nanostructures are constructed. Although the photoresponsiveness of these amphiphiles is slightly compromised, the co-solvent and co-assembly enable supramolecular transformations from vesicles to irregular aggregates in water. This work could provide a new strategy for the development of red-light controlled biomedical soft functional materials.

COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS (2023)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Red-light photoswitching of indigos in polymer thin films

Kim Kuntze et al.

Summary: By simple synthetic derivatisation, indigo dye can be converted into a red-light E-Z photoswitch, which exhibits negative photochromism and tuneable thermal isomerisation kinetics. This makes indigo derivatives highly attractive for materials and living systems applications. However, the translation of indigo photoswitching dynamics from solution to solid state, which is crucial for most applications, is not well understood. In this study, the photoswitching performance of six structurally distinct indigo derivatives in five polymers of varying rigidity is investigated. Three key strategies are identified to enable efficient photoswitching under red light: choosing a soft polymer matrix, creating free volume around the indigo molecules, and applying low dye loading to inhibit aggregation. Implementation of these strategies leads to isomerisation performance nearly identical to that in solution, paving the way for designing new red-light photochromic materials based on indigos.

CHEMICAL SCIENCE (2023)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A tunable synthesis of indigoids: targeting indirubin through temperature

James A. Shriver et al.

Summary: It has been demonstrated that selective synthesis of indirubins can be achieved by modulating reaction conditions and choosing appropriate indole compounds.

RSC ADVANCES (2022)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Fine-Tuning the Thermal Relaxation Dynamics of Indigo-Based Photoswitches Using Selective Non-Covalent Interactions Without Chemical Modification

Zhen-Nan Shen et al.

Summary: Understanding the thermal relaxation dynamics is crucial for the application of photoswitches. Most strategies for regulating the thermal relaxation rates have focused on modifying the chemical structures. In this study, we demonstrate a complementary method for manipulating the thermal relaxation rate of indigo-based photoswitches without the need for chemical modification. By selectively stabilizing the parent structure of the metastable Z-isomer, we create a deactivated pathway that extends the thermal relaxation half-life. We also establish a quantitative kinetic model to show that controlling the strength of the selective stabilization allows for precise tuning of the thermal relaxation rates to achieve targeted values.

CHEMPHOTOCHEM (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Mechanistic Insights into the Photoisomerization of N,N′-Disubstituted Indigos

Simon Budzak et al.

Summary: N,N'-disubstituted indigos are photoswitchable molecules that can be controlled by red-light. By tuning the N-substituents, the thermal stability of the molecules can be independently adjusted, while maintaining advantageous red-shifted absorption spectra. Photophysical and computational studies in solvents of different polarities revealed the photoisomerization mechanism of the molecules and the influence of the N-substituents on their switching properties. These mechanistic insights provide guidance for designing molecules with broader applications.

CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL (2022)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Ultrafast Excited State Dynamics of Forward and Reverse trans-cis Photoisomerization of Red-Light-Absorbing Indigo Derivatives

Yu Kihara et al.

Summary: Femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy was used to investigate the excited state dynamics of red-light-absorbing indigo derivatives. The study found that both trans -> cis and trans <- cis photoisomerization have short excited state lifetimes, and are influenced by intramolecular charge transfer.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Synthesis of asymmetric indolonaphthyridines with enhanced excited state charge-transfer character

Michael Purdy et al.

Summary: In this study, a new class of asymmetric indolonaphthyridines (IND) derived using a novel high yielding methodology was presented. The absorption properties and excited state charge-transfer character of these novel asymmetric INDs were compared with symmetric INDs. The results showed that the asymmetry of INDs increased the change in dipole moment and excited state charge-transfer character, which was attributed to the increased spatial separation between excited state electron and hole wavefunctions for the asymmetric INDs. The structure-property relationships introduced in this work provide invaluable design principles for the generation of high performance materials.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

The Cascade Reactions of Indigo with Propargyl Substrates for Heterocyclic and Photophysical Diversity

Patrick M. McCosker et al.

Summary: In this study, structurally diverse heterocycles were synthesized via cascade reactions of indigo with propargylic electrophiles, enabling chemical space exploration. It was found that the unsaturated propargyl moiety can act as an electrophile when aromatic terminal substitutions are made, competing with leaving group substitution to produce new outcomes. The products from these reactions were investigated for their absorption and fluorescence properties, revealing polarity dependent excited state relaxation pathways and highlighting these reactions as a rapid means to access diverse functional materials.

CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Novel Arylindigoids by Late-Stage Derivatization of Biocatalytically Synthesized Dibromoindigo

Christian Schnepel et al.

Summary: A biocatalytic approach was developed to selectively functionalize indigo derivatives, providing a modular platform for novel compounds with attractive spectral properties. This method not only improves yields but also allows for the synthesis of a small set of 6,6'-diarylindigo derivatives.

CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL (2021)

Article Chemistry, Organic

Synthesis of Bridged Indigos and Their Thermoisomerization and Photoisomerization Behaviors

Junya Kanda et al.

Summary: Bridged indigos, synthesized by bridging the two nitrogen atoms in the indigo structure with a carbon chain, exhibit intrinsic planar chirality. During thermo- and photoisomerization, the absence of (Z)-indigo and the presence of racemization can be attributed to the low activation energy of inversion and the significant energy difference between the ground states of (E)-indigo and (Z)-indigo.

JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Applied

Novel functionalized indigo derivatives for organic electronics

Irina V. Klimovich et al.

Summary: A series of novel indigo derivatives were synthesized and investigated as semiconductor materials in organic field-effect transistors, with different structures showing significant impact on charge transport properties. The results of this study will be important for the rational design of a new generation of indigo-based semiconductors.

DYES AND PIGMENTS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Red-Purple Photochromic Indigos from Green Chemistry: Mono-tBOC or Di-tBOC N-Substituted Indigos Displaying Excited State Proton Transfer or Photoisomerization

Daniela Pinheiro et al.

Summary: This study investigates the characteristics of ESPT in indigo, the properties of different substitutions in solvents, and the pathways of excited-state deactivation. The photophysical properties and molecular structural features of indigo derivatives are discussed in relation to trans-cis photoisomerization and ESPT.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B (2021)

Article Chemistry, Organic

Stabilizing Indigo Z-Isomer through Intramolecular Associations of Redox-Active Appendages

Line Brolos et al.

Summary: In this study, the manipulation of the photostationary state was achieved by tethering two redox-active units to a photoswitchable molecule, resulting in enhanced stability of the Z-isomer through the formation of strong, intramolecular pi-dimers between the oxidized subunits. This stabilization is crucial for the applicability of photochromic systems in various fields.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Environment-friendly nanocellulose-indigo dyeing of textiles

Smriti Rai et al.

Summary: The environmentally sound indigo-dyeing technology utilizes nanocellulosic materials to significantly reduce water consumption and eliminate the use of toxic chemicals, achieving over 90% dye fixation compared to conventional methods. The one-step process for achieving lighter or darker shades simplifies the dyeing process and results in a more efficient and effective outcome.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Deep in blue with green chemistry: influence of solvent and chain length on the behaviour of N- and N,N′- alkyl indigo derivatives

Daniela Pinheiro et al.

Summary: A series of indigo derivatives were synthesized using green chemistry procedures, with the alkyl chain length and solvent type found to influence the spectral and photophysical properties of the compounds, including the excited state proton transfer process. Time-resolved experiments indicated that different solvents led to variations in the decay behavior of the compounds, highlighting the importance of solvent effects on the photochemical behavior of the molecules.

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Daniela C. Nobre et al.

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Discovery and properties of a new indigoid structure type based on dimericcis-indigos

Hyejin Hong et al.

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Hirofumi Nakagawa et al.

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Taniyuki Furuyama et al.

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Qiao Ma et al.

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SYNTHETIC COMMUNICATIONS (2010)

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CHEMISTRY LETTERS (2009)

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CHEMPHYSCHEM (2006)

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Substitution and chemical environment effects on the absorption spectrum of indigo

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