Mixing methods for solid state electrodes: Techniques, fundamentals, recent advances, and perspectives

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are currently under development with the aim of reaching the market in the following years. However, to enable cost-effective battery cells, the optimization of the slurry mixing process is essential since this step affects the particle size and the distribution of the electrode components. The mixing methods can be classified into dry or wet depending on the use or not of liquids during the mixing process. Selecting one or another will directly impact on the properties, the cost and the environmental sustainability of the final electrodes and cells. Therefore, a comprehensive review of the techniques that are currently employed for the mixing of solid-state electrodes and the basic theory and principles that explain their fundamentals are described in this paper. In addition, the recent advances in the state of the art are discussed in detail, focusing on the performances of the SSBs. Finally, we share our views of the remaining challenges in SSB manufacturing and propose future development directions for manufacturing research in SSBs.

Automated summary

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are being developed and are expected to enter the market in the near future. The optimization of the slurry mixing process is crucial for cost-effective battery cells, as it affects the particle size and distribution of the electrode components. The choice between dry and wet mixing methods directly impacts the properties, cost, and environmental sustainability of the electrodes and cells. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current techniques used for mixing solid-state electrodes, including the basic theory and principles. It also discusses recent advances in SSBs, focusing on their performances. The remaining challenges in SSB manufacturing are highlighted, and future development directions for manufacturing research in SSBs are proposed.