Site-specific R-loops induce CGG repeat contraction and fragile X gene reactivation

Here, we describe an approach to correct the genetic defect in fragile X syndrome (FXS) via recruitment of endogenous repair mechanisms. A leading cause of autism spectrum disorders, FXS results from epigenetic silencing of FMR1 due to a congenital trinucleotide (CGG) repeat expansion. By investigating conditions favorable to FMR1 reactivation, we find MEK and BRAF inhibitors that induce a strong repeat contraction and full FMR1 reactivation in cellular models. We trace the mechanism to DNA demethylation and site -spe-cific R-loops, which are necessary and sufficient for repeat contraction. A positive feedback cycle comprising demethylation, de novo FMR1 transcription, and R-loop formation results in the recruitment of endogenous DNA repair mechanisms that then drive excision of the long CGG repeat. Repeat contraction is specific to FMR1 and restores the production of FMRP protein. Our study therefore identifies a potential method of treat-ing FXS in the future.

Automated summary

In this article, we describe an approach to correct the genetic defect in fragile X syndrome (FXS) through the recruitment of endogenous repair mechanisms. By investigating conditions favorable to FMR1 reactivation, we identify MEK and BRAF inhibitors that induce a strong repeat contraction and full FMR1 reactivation in cellular models. This study reveals a potential method of treating FXS in the future by recruiting endogenous DNA repair mechanisms.