Application of artificial intelligence system for screening multiple fundus diseases in Chinese primary healthcare settings: a real-world, multicentre and cross-sectional study of 4795 cases

Background/aims This study evaluates the performance of the Airdoc retinal artificial intelligence system (ARAS) for detecting multiple fundus diseases in real -world scenarios in primary healthcare settings and investigates the fundus disease spectrum based on ARAS.Methods This real-world, multicentre, cross-sectional study was conducted in Shanghai and Xinjiang, China. Six primary healthcare settings were included in this study. Colour fundus photographs were taken and graded by ARAS and retinal specialists. The performance of ARAS is described by its accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values. The spectrum of fundus diseases in primary healthcare settings has also been investigated.Results A total of 4795 participants were included. The median age was 57.0 (IQR 39.0-66.0) years, and 3175 (66.2%) participants were female. The accuracy, specificity and negative predictive value of ARAS for detecting normal fundus and 14 retinal abnormalities were high, whereas the sensitivity and positive predictive value varied in detecting different abnormalities. The proportion of retinal drusen, pathological myopia and glaucomatous optic neuropathy was significantly higher in Shanghai than in Xinjiang. Moreover, the percentages of referable diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion and macular oedema in middle- aged and elderly people in Xinjiang were significantly higher than in Shanghai.Conclusion This study demonstrated the dependability of ARAS for detecting multiple retinal diseases in primary healthcare settings. Implementing the AI-assisted fundus disease screening system in primary healthcare settings might be beneficial in reducing regional disparities in medical resources. However, the ARAS algorithm must be improved to achieve better performance.

Automated summary

This study evaluates the performance of the Airdoc retinal artificial intelligence system (ARAS) in detecting multiple fundus diseases in primary healthcare settings. The study was conducted in Shanghai and Xinjiang, China, and included six primary healthcare settings. The accuracy, specificity, and negative predictive value of ARAS were high, but the sensitivity and positive predictive value varied for different abnormalities. There were significant differences in the spectrum of fundus diseases between Shanghai and Xinjiang.