Preclinical models in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck cancer is the sixth most frequent cancer type. Drug resistance and toxicity are common challenges of the existing therapies, making the development of reliable preclinical models essential for the study of the involved molecular mechanisms as well as for eventual intervention approaches that improve the clinical outcome. Preclinical models of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma have been traditionally based on cell lines and murine models. In this review, we will go over the most frequently used preclinical models, from immortalised-cell and primary tumour cultures in monolayer or 3D, to the currently available animal models. We will scrutinise their efficiency in mimicking the molecular and cellular complexity of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Finally, the challenges and the opportunities of other envisaged putative approaches, as well as the potential of the preclinical models to further develop personalised therapies will be discussed.

Automated summary

Head and neck cancer is the sixth most frequent cancer type, and the existing therapies face challenges of drug resistance and toxicity. Reliable preclinical models are crucial for studying molecular mechanisms and improving clinical outcomes. The most frequently used preclinical models for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, including cell lines and animal models, are discussed in this review. Their efficiency in mimicking the complexity of the disease is evaluated, and the potential of the models for developing personalized therapies is explored.