4.8 Review

Epistasis and evolution: recent advances and an outlook for prediction

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Review Biology

Global epistasis on fitness landscapes

Juan Diaz-Colunga et al.

Summary: Epistatic interactions between mutations can complicate predictions of evolution, but global epistasis patterns can actually aid in reconstructing fitness landscapes and inferring adaptive trajectories. Microscopic interactions and nonlinearity in the fitness landscape contribute to the emergence of global epistasis patterns. This review provides an overview of recent work on global epistasis, explaining why different mutations exhibit varying patterns, and highlights unanswered questions and future research directions.

PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2023)

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The landscape of antibody binding affinity in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 evolution

Alief Moulana et al.

Summary: The Omicron BA.1 variant of SARS-CoV-2 can evade convalescent sera and monoclonal antibodies that are effective against earlier strains of the virus. This is due to mutations in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of BA.1, which is the major target for antibodies. By systematically measuring the binding affinity between 15 RBD mutations and 4 monoclonal antibodies, researchers found that BA.1 can reduce affinity to diverse antibodies by acquiring large-effect mutations or small-effect mutations. They also discovered alternative pathways for antibody escape that do not involve every large-effect mutation. Epistatic interactions were shown to have a limited impact on the affinity landscapes of most antibodies. These findings contribute to our understanding of how the virus can escape antibody neutralization and have implications for vaccine development.
Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

ACE2 binding is an ancestral and evolvable trait of sarbecoviruses

Tyler N. Starr et al.

Summary: Two different sarbecoviruses have caused major human outbreaks in the past two decades. This study traced the evolutionary history of ACE2 binding in different sarbecoviruses using high-throughput assays. ACE2 binding was found to be an ancestral trait of sarbecovirus receptor-binding domains, but has been lost in some clades. Bat sarbecoviruses from outside Asia were also found to be able to bind to ACE2. The results highlight the deep ancestral origin and evolutionary plasticity of ACE2 binding in sarbecoviruses.

NATURE (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Epistatic drift causes gradual decay of predictability in protein evolution

Yeonwoo Park et al.

Summary: Epistatic interactions can cause mutations to become decorrelated from their initial effects and their windows of evolutionary accessibility to open and close transiently. This drift process is a neutral process caused by many weak epistatic interactions, and the rate of change is largely constant over time.

SCIENCE (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Compensatory epistasis maintains ACE2 affinity in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1

Alief Moulana et al.

Summary: The Omicron BA.1 variant of SARS-CoV-2 has multiple mutations that contribute to its ability to escape antibodies. Despite individual decreases in ACE2 affinity, these mutations are compensated by interactions with other mutations that enhance affinity, allowing BA.1 to evade immunity while maintaining ACE2 binding. Compensatory epistasis plays a key role in driving substantial evolutionary change for SARS-CoV-2.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Interpretable modeling of genotype-phenotype landscapes with state-of-the-art predictive power

Peter D. Tonner et al.

Summary: LANTERN is a hierarchical Bayesian model that translates genotype-phenotype landscape measurements into a low-dimensional feature space, providing interpretability. It outperforms other methods in benchmark tests on large-scale datasets and extracts useful insights from the landscape.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2022)

Article Biology

Mutational robustness changes during long-term adaptation in laboratory budding yeast populations

Milo S. Johnson et al.

Summary: The distribution of fitness effects in a population can change during evolution, affecting the rate of adaptation and accumulation of deleterious mutations. This study directly measures changes in the fitness landscape neighborhood during laboratory adaptation and finds differences in the distribution due to variations in patterns of epistasis at the level of individual mutations.
Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Higher-order epistasis and phenotypic prediction

Juannan Zhou et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2022)

Article Genetics & Heredity

Adaptation of the yeast gene knockout collection is near-perfectly predicted by fitness and diminishing return epistasis

Karl Persson et al.

Summary: This study utilized a high-throughput method to track the adaptive evolution of cell populations and found that the preadaptation fitness of gene knockouts accurately predicts their adaptation to selection pressures, indicating a limited role for dedicated evolvability gene functions. Additionally, global epistasis was identified as a factor influencing adaptation.

G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS (2022)

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Experimental Evolution Reveals Unifying Systems-Level Adaptations but Diversity in Driving Genotypes

Erol S. Kavvas et al.

Summary: This study characterizes the genotype-fitness maps of E.coli strains during adaptive laboratory evolution, providing insights into the mechanisms of microbial adaptation. The results show convergence in overall phenotypic measures across different strains, with the exception of divergence in NADPH production mechanisms. Transcriptomic adaptations involve increased expression of growth promoting genes and decreased expression of stress response and structural components. The study also identifies trade-offs in the regulatory network and correlates between causal mutations and systems-level adaptations.

MSYSTEMS (2022)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

MAVE-NN: learning genotype-phenotype maps from multiplex assays of variant effect

Ammar Tareen et al.

Summary: Multiplex assays of variant effect (MAVEs) are a family of methods used to study the effects of mutations on proteins and gene regulatory sequences. Researchers have developed a neural-network-based Python package called MAVE-NN, which can learn genotype-phenotype maps from MAVE datasets, including biophysically interpretable models. It can effectively deconvolve mutational effects from experimental nonlinearities and noise.

GENOME BIOLOGY (2022)

Article Biology

Emergence and propagation of epistasis in metabolic networks

Sergey Kryazhimskiy

Summary: The study revealed rules of epistasis between genes, indicating that weak epistasis between mutations at a lower level may become distorted as it propagates to higher levels. Computational analyses showed that in more realistic models, epistasis follows similar but more complex patterns.
Article Genetics & Heredity

Ploidy and recombination proficiency shape the evolutionary adaptation to constitutive DNA replication stress

Marco Fumasoni et al.

Summary: The study explores how genomic features influence the evolutionary adaptation to DNA replication stress in budding yeast. Despite differences in selected genes among strains, adaptation targets three common functional modules: DNA replication, the DNA damage checkpoint, and chromosome cohesion. This suggests a conserved evolutionary response to genetic perturbations across different genomic features.

PLOS GENETICS (2021)

Article Biology

Global epistasis emerges from a generic model of a complex trait

Gautam Reddy et al.

Summary: Recent research shows that consistent patterns of fitness increase in microbial evolution experiments are mainly driven by diminishing-returns and increasing-costs epistasis. Although the origin of this global epistasis remains unknown, it is found to emerge as a consequence of widespread microscopic epistasis. The specific quantitative relationship between the magnitude of global epistasis and the stochastic effects of microscopic epistasis predicts a universal form of fitness effects distribution when epistasis is prevalent.
Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Changes in the distribution of fitness effects and adaptive mutational spectra following a single first step towards adaptation

Dimitra Aggeli et al.

Summary: Diminishing returns are observed in the fitness gains during the second step of adaptation compared to the first step, due to a compressed distribution of fitness effects. The beneficial mutational spectra for the second adaptive step are contingent on the first step, with both shared and diverging adaptive strategies. Loss-of-function mutations are less common in the second step of adaptation, suggesting that adaptive potential decreases over time.

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Evolutionary repair: Changes in multiple functional modules allow meiotic cohesin to support mitosis

Yu-Ying Phoebe Hsieh et al.

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Physical Constraints on Epistasis

Kabir Husain et al.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION (2020)

Review Microbiology

Reconstructing organisms in silico: genome-scale models and their emerging applications

Xin Fang et al.

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Modular epistasis and the compensatory evolution of gene deletion mutants

Jose I. Rojas Echenique et al.

PLOS GENETICS (2019)

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Recent insights into the genotype-phenotype relationship from massively parallel genetic assays

Harry Kemble et al.

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Higher-fitness yeast genotypes are less robust to deleterious mutations

Milo S. Johnson et al.

SCIENCE (2019)

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Learning the pattern of epistasis linking genotype and phenotype in a protein

Frank J. Poelwijk et al.

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Additive Phenotypes Underlie Epistasis of Fitness Effects

Andrew M. Sackman et al.

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Additive Phenotypes Underlie Epistasis of Fitness Effects

Andrew M. Sackman et al.

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Inferring the shape of global epistasis

Jakub Otwinowski et al.

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Genetic variation in adaptability and pleiotropy in budding yeast

Elizabeth R. Jerison et al.

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Diminishing-returns epistasis decreases adaptability along an evolutionary trajectory

Andrea Wunsche et al.

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Benefit of transferred mutations is better predicted by the fitness of recipients than by their ecological or genetic relatedness

Yinhua Wang et al.

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Epistasis in protein evolution

Tyler N. Starr et al.

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The rule of declining adaptability in microbial evolution experiments

Alejandro Couce et al.

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The Impact of Macroscopic Epistasis on Long-Term Evolutionary Dynamics

Benjamin H. Good et al.

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Deleterious Passengers in Adapting Populations

Benjamin H. Good et al.

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Deep mutational scanning: a new style of protein science

Douglas M. Fowler et al.

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Global epistasis makes adaptation predictable despite sequence-level stochasticity

Sergey Kryazhimskiy et al.

SCIENCE (2014)

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Long-Term Dynamics of Adaptation in Asexual Populations

Michael J. Wiser et al.

SCIENCE (2013)

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Genomic analysis of a key innovation in an experimental Escherichia coli population

Zachary D. Blount et al.

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Distribution of fixed beneficial mutations and the rate of adaptation in asexual populations

Benjamin H. Good et al.

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The noisy edge of traveling waves

Oskar Hallatschek

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Negative Epistasis Between Beneficial Mutations in an Evolving Bacterial Population

Aisha I. Khan et al.

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Diminishing Returns Epistasis Among Beneficial Mutations Decelerates Adaptation

Hsin-Hung Chou et al.

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Molecular mechanisms of epistasis within and between genes

Ben Lehner

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Escherichia coli rpoB Mutants Have Increased Evolvability in Proportion to Their Fitness Defects

Jeffrey E. Barrick et al.

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The Genetic Landscape of a Cell

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The Genetics of Adaptation for Eight Microvirid Bacteriophages

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Epistasis and the adaptability of an RNA virus

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Pervasive compensatory adaptation in Escherichia coli

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