Reverse iontophoresis with the development of flexible electronics: A review

Skin-centric diagnosis techniques, such as epidermal physiological parameter monitoring, have developed rapidly in recent years. The analysis of interstitial fluid (ISF), a body liquid with abundant physiological infor-mation, is a promising method to obtain health status because ISF is easily assessed by implanted or percutaneous measurements. Reverse iontophoresis extracts ISF by applying an electric field onto the skin, and it is a promising method to noninvasively obtain ISF, which, in turn, enables noninvasive epidermal physiological parameter monitoring. However, the development of reverse iontophoresis was relatively slow around the 2010s due to the rigidity and low biocompatibility of the applied devices. With the rapid development of flexible electronic technology in recent years, new progress has been made in the field of reverse iontophoresis, especially in the field of blood glucose monitoring and drug monitoring. This review summarizes the recent advances and dis-cusses the challenges and opportunities of reverse iontophoresis.

Automated summary

Skin-centric diagnosis techniques, such as reverse iontophoresis, have developed rapidly in recent years. However, the development of reverse iontophoresis was relatively slow around the 2010s due to device limitations. With the rapid development of flexible electronic technology, new progress has been made in reverse iontophoresis, particularly in blood glucose and drug monitoring.