Reproductive toxicity of emerging plasticizers, flame retardants, and bisphenols, using culture of the rat fetal testis†

The use of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), 2,2 ' 4,4 '-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), and bisphenol A (BPA), as plasticizers, flame retardants, and epoxy resins, respectively, has been regulated due to their endocrine disrupting activities. Replacements for these chemicals are found in human matrices, yet the endocrine disrupting potential of these emerging contaminants is poorly characterized. We compared the effects of legacy chemicals with those of their replacements using fetal rat testis organ culture. Fetal testes sampled at gestation day 15 were grown ex vivo, and the impact was evaluated after a 3-day exposure to 10 mu M of each legacy chemical; two BPA analogs (bisphenol M and bisphenol TMC); three replacements for DEHP/MEHP (2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate, diisononyl-phthalate, and diisodecyl adipate); or two replacements for BDE47 (tributoxyethyl phosphate and isopropylated triphenyl phosphate). We showed that only BPA and MEHP significantly decrease testosterone secretions after 24 h, while BPM and BPTMC have the opposite effect. Luteinizing hormone-stimulated testosterone was reduced by BPA and MEHP but was increased by BPTMC. After exposure, testes were used for immunofluorescent staining of germ cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells. Interestingly, exposures to BPM or BPTMC induced a significant increase in the Leydig cell density and surface area. A decrease in germ cell density was observed only after treatment with MEHP or BDE47. MEHP also significantly decreased Sertoli cell proliferation. These studies show that some replacement chemicals can affect testicular function, while others appear to show little toxicity in this model. These findings provide essential information regarding the need for their regulation. In the fetal rat testis, while bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and 2,2 ' 4,4 '-tetrabromodiphenyl ether replacements appear less toxic, emerging bisphenol A substitutes stimulate steroidogenesis and affect fetal Leydig cell physiology.

Automated summary

Due to their endocrine disrupting activities, the use of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), 2,2' 4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), and bisphenol A (BPA) as plasticizers, flame retardants, and epoxy resins, respectively, has been regulated. However, the endocrine disrupting potential of their replacements is poorly characterized. This study compared the effects of legacy chemicals with those of their replacements using fetal rat testis organ culture.