Hubble law and acceleration curve emerges in a repulsive matter-anti matter galaxies simulations

The consideration of dark energy is intended to explain the unexpected but observed acceleration of the universe. Baryon asymmetry in matter-antimatter initial annihilation is mostly accepted to explain the absence of observations of annihilation radiation that in turn leads to the most accepted hypothesis that we live in a matter dominated universe. These are two of the greatest puzzles in modern cosmology as they are not compatible with well-known and accepted physics. Here, we assume that antimatter gravitationally repels matter, knowing that it is not easily accepted in modern physics, but does not contradict the available experimental data especially since the inertial mass remains positive. On a cosmological-scale the universe in this hypothesis, even though it is gravitationally neutral with equal quantities of positive matter and negative antimatter domains, reveals the mechanism of expansion naturally due to repulsion between those domains. On local scales, we justify the absence of observations of annihilation radiation in possible matter-antimatter galaxy collisions on the gravitational repulsion and also the bouncing off due to annihilation explosion region between them. From the simulations that we performed, it is shown that the extracted data clearly create the Hubble expansion law regardless of the initial distribution of galaxies, their positions, velocities, masses, mergers/annihilations and other initial conditions, without the need for a dark energy component. It is also shown that, in specific initial density cases, the known bump that show acceleration in the Hubble diagram appears clearly, and in turn reveals the observed acceleration of the universe expansion, again without any dark energy involved.

Automated summary

The study of dark energy aims to explain the observed acceleration of the universe. The absence of observed annihilation radiation in matter-antimatter collisions and the matter dominance of the universe are two major puzzles in modern cosmology. This study proposes that antimatter repels matter gravitationally, which can explain these anomalies without the need for dark energy. Simulations show that the Hubble expansion law and the observed acceleration of the universe can be obtained without the presence of dark energy.