Direct assessment of SDO/HMI helioseismology of active regions on the Sun's far side using SO/PHI magnetograms

Context. Earth-side observations of solar p modes can be used to image and monitor magnetic activity on the Sun's far side. In this work, we use magnetograms of the far side obtained by the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI) on board Solar Orbiter (SO) to directly assess the validity of far-side helioseismic holography for the first time.Aims. We wish to co-locate the positions of active regions in helioseismic images and magnetograms and to calibrate the helioseismic measurements in terms of the magnetic field strength.Methods. We identified three magnetograms displaying a total of six active regions on the far side from 18 November 2020, 3 October 2021, and 3 February 2022. The first two dates are from the SO cruise phase and the third is from the beginning of the nominal operation phase. We computed contemporaneous seismic phase maps for these three dates using helioseismic holography applied to the time series of Dopplergrams from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) at the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO).Results. Among the six active regions seen in SO/PHI magnetograms, five of them are identified on the seismic maps at almost the same positions as on the magnetograms. One region is too weak to be detected above the seismic noise. To calibrate the seismic maps, we fit a linear relationship between the seismic phase shifts and the unsigned line-of-sight magnetic field averaged over the active region areas extracted from the SO/PHI magnetograms.Conclusions. SO/PHI provides the strongest evidence so far that helioseismic imaging is able to provide reliable information on active regions on the far side, including their positions, areas, and the mean unsigned magnetic field.

Automated summary

In this study, the validity of far-side helioseismic holography is directly assessed using magnetograms obtained by the PHI instrument on the Solar Orbiter. The results show that helioseismic imaging can accurately locate and monitor active regions on the far side of the Sun, including their positions, areas, and average unsigned magnetic field. This provides important evidence for further studying solar magnetic activity.