A testis-specific gene doublesex is involved in spermatogenesis and early sex differentiation of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis

The doublesex (Dsx) is a DM domain gene involved in sex determination and/or differentiation in insects. In this study, a novel sex-specific Dsx homolog, designated as EsDsx-like, was identified from the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. The full-length cDNA of EsDsx-like was 921 bp, encoding a protein of 215 amino acids. The EsDsx-like mRNA and protein were detected exclusively in the testis. During spermatogenesis, the EsDsx-like mRNA were continuously expressed in spermatogonium, spermatocyte, spermatid and spermatozoon. In situ hybridization analysis showed that the EsDsx-like mRNA was mainly detected in the nucleus of spermatogonium and spermatocyte, and then concentrated in a dot on the edge of the nucleus in spermatid. In spermatozoa, the hybridization signal was localized to the acrosomal tubule. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the EsDsx-like protein was detected mainly in the cytoplasm around the nucleus in spermatocyte and spermatid, and then appeared as a dot immuno-signal in the acrosomal tubule and distributed in the cup-shaped nucleus of the spermatozoa. Together, these results suggest a potential role for EsDsx-like in the formation of acrosome complex and nuclear morphogenesis during sperm maturation. In the early development, similar with the male sex regulator, insulin-like androgenic gland hormone (EsIAG), the EsDsx-like mRNA was specifically detected in all male individuals tested at juvenile III stage just before the first appearance of the petasma in morphological sex differentiation at juvenile IV. Further, RNAi knockdown of EsDsx-like significantly downregulated the expression of EsIAG in adult and juvenile-III males. The direct interaction between the EsDsx-like protein and EsIAG pro -moter was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assays, indicating that EsDsx-like could act as an upstream regulatory gene of EsIAG in sex differentiation. This study provided valuable insights into the role of sex-specific gene associated with morphological sex differentiation and might contribute to development of sex control techniques in the Chinese mitten crab.

Automated summary

This study identified a novel sex-specific gene, EsDsx-like, involved in spermatogenesis and sex differentiation in Chinese mitten crab. The gene was specifically expressed in testis and showed a direct interaction with the male hormone EsIAG, indicating its role as an upstream regulatory gene in sex differentiation.