Synthesis, structural characterization, optical and electrical properties of NiGdXFe2-XO4 nanoferrites synthesized by citrate-gel auto-combustion method

NiGdXFe2-XO4 (X = 0.0-0.040 with a variation of 0.010) nanocrystalline materials fabricated via citrate-gel auto-combustion method. The crystalline phase of the fabricated samples was confirmed by XRD, and the Debye-Scherrer formula revealed that the crystalline size ranged from 26.71 to 18.79 nm. The lattice parameter variation was seen in the samples, proving that Vegard's law is followed. Particles and the agglomerated structures shown in the SEM images are in the nanometer range. Two FTIR bands were observed in the FTIR spectrum, which indicates the tetrahedral and octahedral bands their stretching frequencies. LCR metres were used to measure the samples' dielectric properties, which included AC conductivity, impedance (sigma AC), dielectric permittivity (epsilon(/)), and dielectric loss (Tan D). The samples' AC conductivity increased as the temperature and dopant concentration increased. In cole-cole plots semi-circle behaviour obtained, the results are explained based on grain and grain boundaries. The behaviour of decreasing dielectric constant and dielectric loss with increasing frequency was described by Koop's theory of mechanism.

Automated summary

NiGdXFe2-XO4 (X = 0.0-0.040 with a variation of 0.010) nanocrystalline materials were fabricated via the citrate-gel auto-combustion method. XRD confirmed the crystalline phase, and the Debye-Scherrer formula determined the crystalline size ranging from 26.71 to 18.79 nm. Variation in lattice parameter indicated adherence to Vegard's law. SEM images showed nanometer-sized particles and agglomerated structures. FTIR spectrum revealed tetrahedral and octahedral bands based on stretching frequencies. Dielectric properties, including AC conductivity, impedance, dielectric permittivity, and dielectric loss, were measured using LCR meters. AC conductivity increased with temperature and dopant concentration. Cole-cole plots exhibited semi-circle behavior, which was explained by grain and grain boundary effects. The decrease in dielectric constant and dielectric loss with increasing frequency was described by Koop's theory.