Enabling Future Closed-Loop Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Direct Cathode Regeneration

Editorial Material Chemistry, Physical

The Regulatory Environment for Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling

Robert Bird et al.

ACS ENERGY LETTERS (2022)

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Editorial Material Chemistry, Physical

Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling-Overview of Techniques and Trends

Zachary J. Baum et al.

ACS ENERGY LETTERS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Sustainable Upcycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Cathode Materials: Stabilization by In Situ Li/Mn Disorder

Jiao Lin et al.

Summary: In this study, the degraded crystal structure of spent lithium-ion batteries cathode materials is successfully repaired using an in situ upcycling process. The repaired material exhibits higher capacity and stability compared to ordered materials. The discovery of the Mn-deficiency mechanism addresses doubts in conventional repair technology and provides theoretical guidance for the development of recycling technology. Additionally, the atomic disorder structure provides guidance for battery material design.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Direct and green repairing of degraded LiCoO2 for reuse in lithium-ion batteries

Junxiong Wang et al.

Summary: This work presents a novel direct recycling method using a sustainable deep eutectic solvent to regenerate degraded cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries. The method enables efficient repair and sustainable reuse of the materials, while reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

NATIONAL SCIENCE REVIEW (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Robotic Disassembly of Electric Vehicles' Battery Modules for Recycling

Ian Kay et al.

Summary: This paper explores the use of industrial robots for the automated disassembly of electric vehicle battery modules. By analyzing the operations performed by human workers, the gripping and cutting operations were selected for automation and path planning was conducted offline. Experimental validation showed that the robot was faster in cutting but slower in pick and place operations compared to manual disassembly. It was concluded that a human-robot collaboration offers the best option for disassembly, providing both safety and time efficiency improvements.

ENERGIES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A SiCl4-Assisted Roasting Approach for Recovering Spent LiCoO2 Cathode

Mengting Li et al.

Summary: The silicon tetrachloride-assisted roasting technique proposed in this paper efficiently recovers important substances from spent lithium cobalt oxide batteries and successfully re-synthesizes new battery materials with good performance.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Suppressed Lattice Oxygen Release via Ni/Mn Doping from Spent LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 toward High-Energy Layered-Oxide Cathodes

Kai Jia et al.

Summary: Researchers have developed a high-voltage LiCoO2 with improved stability by doping it with Ni/Mn atoms, which enhances Co-O bonding and suppresses oxygen release and harmful phase transformation. This strategy shows promise for converting spent batteries into high-energy-density batteries.

NANO LETTERS (2022)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials

Joris Baars et al.

Summary: New battery chemistry can reduce reliance on cobalt for electric vehicles, but circular economy strategies are needed to prevent burden shifting to other resources. The adoption of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles will increase demand for natural resources, leading to new challenges and risks in the supply chain. To strengthen resilience and sustainability, circular economy strategies are essential to reduce primary resource requirements.

NATURE SUSTAINABILITY (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

A promising selective recovery process of valuable metals from spent lithium ion batteries via reduction roasting and ammonia leaching

Yayun Ma et al.

Summary: A promising process has been developed for the selective recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium ion batteries, which achieves maximum degree of selective recovery and reduces environmental pollution.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

An in-depth understanding of the effect of aluminum doping in high-nickel cathodes for lithium-ion batteries

Kai Zhou et al.

Summary: Increasing the Al content in NCA from 0 to 5.6% gradually improves cycling, air stability, lattice structure, and interphase stability, but going beyond 5.6% leads to adverse effects. A 5.6% Al doping is suggested to be optimal, suppressing adverse effects and enhancing electrode/electrolyte interphases for improved performance.

ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS (2021)

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Editorial Material Multidisciplinary Sciences

Make electric vehicles lighter to maximize climate and safety benefits

Blake Shaffer et al.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Industrial disassembling as a key enabler of circular economy solutions for obsolete electric vehicle battery systems

Simon Gloeser-Chahoud et al.

Summary: This paper emphasizes the importance of establishing industrial dismantling systems to achieve higher levels of circular use of electric vehicle battery systems, pointing out that the current end-of-life treatment of EVBs is still relatively simple and needs further improvement.

RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

To shred or not to shred: A comparative techno-economic assessment of lithium ion battery hydrometallurgical recycling retaining value and improving circularity in LIB supply chains

Dana Thompson et al.

Summary: Current techniques for recycling lithium-ion batteries often involve shredding as a preliminary step, resulting in lower purity and decreased economics. However, disassembly followed by delamination can retain product value and simplify downstream chemistries, with potential cost savings of up to 80%. This highlights the importance of design for disassembly in improving the circularity of LIB supply chains and retaining greater value within the system.

RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Carbon prospecting in tropical forests for climate change mitigation

Lian Pin Koh et al.

Summary: The translation highlights that carbon finance projects protecting tropical forests can benefit both nature conservation and climate change mitigation, while also creating financial returns. However, there are financially unviable projects, emphasizing the importance of implementing other conservation interventions beyond carbon finance to safeguard carbon stocks and biodiversity in vulnerable forests.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Novel electrochemically driven and internal circulation process for valuable metals recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries

Shuzhen Li et al.

Summary: A novel electrochemically driven and internal circulation strategy has been developed for the direct and selective recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries, achieving efficient dissolution of waste LiCoO2, electrodeposition of Co2+ ions, recovery of metallic Co, and regeneration of acid for reuse without loss of leaching capability. Results show high efficiency in recovering Co, Li, and Cu in a simplified route with reduced activation energies for Co and Li.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2021)

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Editorial Material Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Li-ion battery recycling challenges

Xiaotu Ma et al.

Summary: Given the increasing electrification of vehicles and the mass generation of spent lithium-ion batteries, recycling of LIBs is crucial. However, industrial-level recycling is challenging due to various factors that make large-scale recycling difficult while maintaining economic viability. Addressing these challenges and providing guidance towards solutions and future work is essential.

CHEM (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Second life and recycling: Energy and environmental sustainability perspectives for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Yanqiu Tao et al.

Summary: Research shows that LIBs with higher specific energy perform better in terms of lifecycle environmental performance, but their environmental benefits from second life application are less pronounced. Direct cathode recycling is found to be the most effective method in reducing environmental impacts, while hydrometallurgical recycling has limited sustainability benefits for high-performance LIBs. Battery design with less aluminum and alternative anode materials, like silicon-based anode, could enable more sustainable LIB recycling.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

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Editorial Material Engineering, Multidisciplinary

Battery Recycling Challenge Looms as Electric Vehicle Business Booms

Sean O'Neill

ENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

A green, efficient, closed-loop direct regeneration technology for reconstructing of the LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode material from spent lithium-ion batteries

Xiaoping Fan et al.

Summary: This study proposed a green and efficient closed-loop direct regeneration technology for reconstructing cathode materials from spent lithium ion batteries, successfully recovering lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide and providing a new approach for the industrialization of spent lithium ion battery recycling.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Assessment of the automation potential of electric vehicle battery disassembly

Jan F. Hellmuth et al.

Summary: Electric vehicles offer an environmentally friendly transportation solution, with high sales predicted in the future. The most costly components of these vehicles are their batteries, which must be recycled after use. This study presents a methodology to assess the automation potential of disassembling EV batteries, using criteria to determine which steps should be automated and which should be done manually.

JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Recycled cathode materials enabled superior performance for lithium-ion batteries

Xiaotu Ma et al.

Summary: Recycled LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 demonstrates superior rate and cycle performance, outperforming commercial materials and providing a green and sustainable solution for spent lithium-ion batteries.

JOULE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Design and Optimization of the Direct Recycling of Spent Li-Ion Battery Cathode Materials

Panpan Xu et al.

Summary: Direct regeneration of spent Li-ion batteries through hydrothermal relithiation of cathode materials is a promising recycling technology for the future. By optimizing process parameters, it is possible to minimize energy and raw material costs. The use of a cost-effective mixture of LiOH and KOH or recycling concentrated LiOH can significantly reduce raw material costs, leading to decreased energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, and potentially increased revenue when compared to other recycling methods.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2021)

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News Item Multidisciplinary Sciences

ELECTRIC CARS: THE BATTERY CHALLENGE

Davide Castelvecchi

NATURE (2021)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Risk management over the life cycle of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles

Paul A. Christensen et al.

Summary: This paper discusses the importance of lithium-ion batteries in modern life and safety issues, points out that the understanding of related risks and challenges still needs to be strengthened, explores the potential safety issues that may arise in the lifecycle of batteries and the corresponding solutions that can be taken.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Recovery of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries using eutectic system of lithium compounds

Yi Ji et al.

Summary: The study found that the LiOH-LiNO3 eutectic system is an efficient and environmentally friendly method for the separation and recovery of active cathode materials in spent lithium-ion batteries, with a recovery rate of up to 98.3% at a high temperature. This method has the potential to promote regeneration and sustainable recycling.

RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING (2021)

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Editorial Material Multidisciplinary Sciences

Global implications of the EU battery regulation

Hans Eric Melin et al.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Direct recovery of degraded LiCoO2 cathode material from spent lithium-ion batteries: Efficient impurity removal toward practical applications

Huimeng Yang et al.

Summary: This study presents a strategy for directly removing complex impurities and repairing degraded LiCoO2, achieving high recovery rate and excellent performance. The regenerated LiCoO2 exhibits high reversible capacity, cycling stability, and rate capability, comparable to commercial materials.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

A sustainable development pathway for climate action within the UN 2030 Agenda

Bjoern Soergel et al.

Summary: Current actions are insufficient to achieve both the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Integrated model-based analysis suggests that strong interventions and ambitious lifestyle changes are necessary for real progress. Climate policies, economic development, education, technological progress, and less resource-intensive lifestyles are crucial elements for progress, but additional sustainable development measures are needed to reach the targets.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Direct Cathode Recycling of End-Of-Life Li-Ion Batteries Enabled by Redox Mediation

Kyusung Park et al.

Summary: The increasing popularity of electric vehicles will lead to a substantial amount of lithium-ion battery waste, highlighting the importance of recycling and reusing cathode materials. Research shows that certain quinone-based redox mediators can efficiently relithiate end-of-life cathode materials, making them ready for new battery production.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Robotics

Nut Unfastening by Robotic Surface Exploration

Alireza Rastegarpanah et al.

Summary: This paper introduces a novel concept of automated unfastening of hexagonal nuts using a compliant robot, which explores the object's surface for information. The proposed method achieves a high success rate of 95%.

ROBOTICS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries in view of green chemistry

Yukun Li et al.

Summary: The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for critical metal supply and environmental protection. State-of-the-art recycling technologies are moving towards being more material/energy efficient in line with the principles of green chemistry, with a focus on selective recycling and direct regeneration to prevent secondary pollution. Additionally, green design of batteries and process design throughout the life cycle of LIBs are seen as important areas for further research and improvement.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Lithium ion battery recycling using high-intensity ultrasonication

Chunhong Lei et al.

Summary: Decarbonisation of energy will heavily rely on lithium ion batteries for automotive transportation, creating a need for efficient recycling processes. This study introduces a rapid delamination method using high powered ultrasound, which significantly increases material processing efficiency and purity for potential recycling into new electrodes.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Increased residual lithium compounds guided design for green recycling of spent lithium-ion cathodes

Min Fan et al.

Summary: This study conducted comprehensive research on the microstructural evolution of degraded LiNi1-x-yCoxMnyO2 electrodes to propose a targeted method for recycling spent cathode materials based on increased residual lithium compounds. The separation process using only water eliminates the need for toxic organic solvents, complicated processes, and waste treatment, making it an environmentally friendly and efficient recycling strategy. The satisfactory capacity recovery of the cathode through simple sintering provides a sustainable closed-loop for spent cathodes and offers new inspiration for the design of lithium-ion battery recycling.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A high-performance energy storage system from sphagnum uptake waste LIBs with negative greenhouse-gas emission

Yiyang Liu et al.

NANO ENERGY (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Sustainable Recycling Technology for Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond: Challenges and Future Prospects

Ersha Fan et al.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2020)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Reduction-ammoniacal leaching to recycle lithium, cobalt, and nickel from spent lithium-ion batteries with a hydrothermal method: Effect of reductants and ammonium salts

Shubin Wang et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2020)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

De-agglomeration of cathode composites for direct recycling of Li-ion batteries

Ruiting Zhan et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2020)

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Editorial Material Multidisciplinary Sciences

A retrospective on lithium-ion batteries

Jing Xie et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Applied

Recent progress of surface coating on cathode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Peiyuan Guan et al.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Electrochemical Relithiation for Direct Regeneration of LiCoO2 Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes

Lingen Zhang et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Water-Based Electrode Manufacturing and Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes-A Green and Sustainable Manufacturing System

Jianlin Li et al.

ISCIENCE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

In Situ Replenishment of Formation Cycle Lithium-Ion Loss for Enhancing Battery Life

Manikandan Palanisamy et al.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Direct Recycling of Spent NCM Cathodes through Ionothermal Lithiation

Tao Wang et al.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Lithium-ion battery aging mechanisms and diagnosis method for automotive applications: Recent advances and perspectives

Rui Xiong et al.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2020)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

A review of physical processes used in the safe recycling of lithium ion batteries

Roberto Sommerville et al.

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Direct recovery of LiCoO2 from the recycled lithium-ion batteries via structure restoration

Ying Gao et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Direct Regeneration of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Cathode from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries by the Molten Salts Method

Guanghui Jiang et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing

Panpan Xu et al.

JOULE (2020)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Future material demand for automotive lithium-based batteries

Chengjian Xu et al.

COMMUNICATIONS MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Efficient Direct Recycling of Degraded LiMn2O4 Cathodes by One-Step Hydrothermal Relithiation

Hongpeng Gao et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Perspective Recycling for All Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries

Luqman Azhari et al.

MATTER (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

The importance of design in lithium ion battery recycling - a critical review

Dana L. Thompson et al.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

An Effective Relithiation Process for Recycling Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials

Tairan Yang et al.

ADVANCED SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A novel method for screening deep eutectic solvent to recycle the cathode of Li-ion batteries

Shubin Wang et al.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Electrochemistry

Revisiting the Mechanism Behind Transition-Metal Dissolution from Delithiated LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC) Cathodes

Ritu Sahore et al.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Microstructural visualization of compositional changes induced by transition metal dissolution in Ni-rich layered cathode materials by high-resolution particle analysis

Dong-Su Ko et al.

NANO ENERGY (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Ambient-Pressure Relithiation of Degraded LixNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (0 < x < 1) via Eutectic Solutions for Direct Regeneration of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes

Yang Shi et al.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2019)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Deep eutectic solvents for cathode recycling of Li-ion batteries

Mai K. Tran et al.

NATURE ENERGY (2019)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Critical review of non-invasive diagnosis techniques for quantification of degradation modes in lithium-ion batteries

Carlos Pastor-Fernandez et al.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2019)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles

Gavin Harper et al.

NATURE (2019)

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Editorial Material Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Antagonists to meeting the 2030 Agenda

Prajal Pradhan

NATURE SUSTAINABILITY (2019)

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Article Electrochemistry

Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt Dissolution from Ni-Rich NMC and Their Effects on NMC622-Graphite Cell

Roland Jung et al.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2019)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Recycling End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries

Mengyuan Chen et al.

JOULE (2019)

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Review Energy & Fuels

A review on the key issues of the lithium ion battery degradation among the whole life cycle

Xuebing Han et al.

ETRANSPORTATION (2019)

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Review Energy & Fuels

Mapping synergies and trade-offs between energy and the Sustainable Development Goals

Francesco Fuso Nerini et al.

NATURE ENERGY (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Effective regeneration of LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries: a direct approach towards high-performance active particles

Yang Shi et al.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Innovative Application of Acid Leaching to Regenerate Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O-2 Cathodes from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Xiaoxiao Zhang et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2018)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Critical Review and Analysis on the Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Weiguang Lv et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2018)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Direct Recycling of Aged LiMn2O4 Cathode Materials used in Aqueous Lithium-ion Batteries: Processes and Sensitivities

Han Wang et al.

ENERGY TECHNOLOGY (2018)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Energy investment needs for fulfilling the Paris Agreement and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

David L. McCollum et al.

NATURE ENERGY (2018)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Toward sustainable and systematic recycling of spent rechargeable batteries

Xiaoxiao Zhang et al.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Anisotropic Lattice Strain and Mechanical Degradation of High- and Low-Nickel NCM Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

Aleksandr O. Kondrakov et al.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Direct regeneration of recycled cathode material mixture from scrapped LiFePO4 batteries

Xuelei Li et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2017)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Lithium recycling and cathode material regeneration from acid leach liquor of spent lithium-ion battery via facile co-extraction and co-precipitation processes

Yue Yang et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recovery of Lithium, Nickel, and Cobalt from Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Powders by Selective Ammonia Leaching and an Adsorption Separation System

Hongyan Wang et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2017)

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Article Electrochemistry

A novel process to recycle spent LiFePO4 for synthesizing LiFePO4/C hierarchical microflowers

Doucheng Bian et al.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2016)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Life cycle assessment of nickel products

Mark Mistry et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (2016)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Current and Prospective Li-Ion Battery Recycling and Recovery Processes

Joseph Heelan et al.

JOM (2016)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Recycling of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials by ammoniacal leaching

Heesuk Ku et al.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2016)

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Article Materials Science, Ceramics

Recovery of Co, Mn, Ni, and Li from spent lithium ion batteries for the preparation of LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode materials

Li Yaug et al.

CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL (2015)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Hydrometallurgical processing of spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) in the presence of a reducing agent with emphasis on kinetics of leaching

Pratima Meshram et al.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2015)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and Their Applications

Emma L. Smith et al.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2014)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by ultrasonic-assisted leaching process

Li Li et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2014)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

The future of automotive lithium-ion battery recycling: Charting a sustainable course

Linda Gaines

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES (2014)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

A review on lithium-ion battery ageing mechanisms and estimations for automotive applications

Anthony Barre et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2013)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Ascorbic-acid-assisted recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent Li-ion batteries

Li Li et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2012)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Growth mechanism of Ni0.3Mn0.7CO3 precursor for high capacity Li-ion battery cathodes

Dapeng Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY (2011)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Recycle and synthesis of LiCoO2 from incisors bound of Li-ion batteries

Liu Yun-jian et al.

TRANSACTIONS OF NONFERROUS METALS SOCIETY OF CHINA (2006)

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Article Electrochemistry

Comparison of metal ion dissolutions from lithium ion battery cathodes

W. Choi et al.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2006)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Preparation of LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries

CK Lee et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2002)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries

JM Tarascon et al.

NATURE (2001)

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Enabling Future Closed-Loop Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Direct Cathode Regeneration

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