4.8 Review

Two-Photon Polymerization Lithography for Optics and Photonics: Fundamentals, Materials, Technologies, and Applications

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SCIENCE (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

3D-Printed Micro Lens-in-Lens for In Vivo Multimodal Microendoscopy

Jiawen Li et al.

Summary: Multimodal microendoscopes enable simultaneous structural and molecular measurements in vivo, providing valuable insights into pathological changes associated with diseases. However, different optical imaging modalities have conflicting requirements for lens design, posing a challenge for the fabrication of miniaturized imaging probes. This study demonstrates an optical design using two-photon 3D printing to create a miniaturized lens that is optimized for both fluorescence and optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. The lens-in-lens design shows significant improvement in fluorescence sensitivity compared to conventional fiber-optic design approaches, and is successfully integrated into an intravascular catheter probe for simultaneous OCT and fluorescence imaging of a mouse artery in vivo.
Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Two-Photon 3D Printing in Metal-Organic Framework Single Crystals

Yusheng Zhang et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the technology of two-photon polymerization inside a metal-organic framework crystal. Complex microstructures are built in the porous crystal to create a hybrid of crystal and microstructure. The metal-organic framework can be removed by acid treatment to release the printed structure. This technology has potential applications in MOF sensor device fabrication and data storage.
Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

λ/30 inorganic features achieved by multi-photon 3D lithography

Feng Jin et al.

Summary: In this study, the high-resolution fabrication of hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) using femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW) was demonstrated. A feature size of 26 nm in HSQ was achieved using a 780 nm femtosecond laser. The HSQ microstructures fabricated by FsLDW showed nanoscale resolution, smooth surface, and high thermal stability, indicating potential application in the fabrication of micro-nano devices.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Additive Manufacturing of 3D Luminescent ZrO2:Eu3+ Architectures

Jedrzej Winczewski et al.

Summary: This study develops a tailor-made organo-metallic resin suitable for two-photon lithography, which enables the additive manufacturing of 3D luminescent microarchitectures emitting light in the visible range. Through thermal treatment in an oxygen-rich atmosphere, silicon-free ZrO2 structures can be created using this resin, which is compatible with a luminescent activator and allows for tuning of the optical properties.

ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Controlling Light in Scattering Materials for Volumetric Additive Manufacturing

Jorge Madrid-Wolff et al.

Summary: 3D printing has revolutionized manufacturing in many areas. Developments in light-based techniques using photocurable resins have led to shorter print times and higher resolution. However, these techniques are limited to homogeneous and transparent resins due to the interference caused by light scattering. This study proposes a method that takes into account light scattering in the resin to improve the printing process. Experimental results demonstrate the importance of this correction, particularly when printing objects that exceed the scattering mean free path. The technique shows promising applications in printing within turbid materials, with potential benefits for bioprinting cell-laden constructs.

ADVANCED SCIENCE (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

High-Precision Printing of Complex Glass Imaging Optics with Precondensed Liquid Silica Resin

Zhihan Hong et al.

Summary: This paper introduces a new liquid silica resin and a printing process for high-precision glass optics. The proposed method can print various optical surfaces with accurate shape and high quality, suitable for imaging applications. It also enables the printing of complex optical systems with multiple elements, enhancing system flexibility and functionality.

ADVANCED SCIENCE (2022)

Review Optics

Additive manufacturing for the development of optical/photonic systems and components

Gregory Berglund et al.

Summary: The ambition of this review is to provide an up-to-date synopsis of the state of 3D printing technology for optical and photonic components, to gauge technological advances, and to discuss future opportunities. While a range of approaches have been developed and some have been commercialized, no single approach can yet simultaneously achieve small detail and low roughness at large print volumes and speed using multiple materials. Instead, each approach occupies a niche where the components/structures that can be created fit within a relatively narrow range of geometries with limited material choices.

OPTICA (2022)

Review Optics

3D printing of optical materials by processes based on photopolymerization: materials, technologies, and recent advances

Emma Geisler et al.

Summary: 3D printing technologies have significant potential in optical applications, but there is still a need for materials and processes that are perfectly suited for these applications.

PHOTONICS RESEARCH (2022)

Article Engineering, Manufacturing

The influence of printing parameters on multi-material two-photon polymerisation based micro additive manufacturing

Qin Hu et al.

Summary: This study investigates the correlation between printing parameters, resin composition and the final properties of 2PP structures, and advances the understanding of 2PP process to enable controlled deposition of various materials and manufacture of complex 3D structures.

ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (2022)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Two-Photon Laser Microprinting of Highly Ordered Nanoporous Materials Based on Hexagonal Columnar Liquid Crystals

Joeel Monti et al.

Summary: This research develops a new approach for the fabrication of ordered nanoporous microstructures based on supramolecular liquid crystals using two-photon laser printing. The presence of photopolymerizable groups enables the printability of the materials. The study demonstrates the conservation of the materials' arrangement and adsorptive properties after laser microprinting, showing the potential of this approach for functional nanoporous structure fabrication.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2022)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Dip-In Photoresist for Photoinhibited Two-Photon Lithography to Realize High-Precision Direct Laser Writing on Wafer

Chun Cao et al.

Summary: In this study, a refractive index matched photoresist with effective photoinhibition capacity was developed, enabling ultrahigh precision fabrication on wafer. The minimum critical dimension of 39 nm was successfully achieved on wafer through dip-in PI-TPL, paving the way for subdiffraction silicon-based chip manufacturing. Moreover, the combination of the developed photoresist and dip-in mode allows for the fabrication of tall and high-precision three-dimensional nanostructures.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Stiff Shape Memory Polymers for High-Resolution Reconfigurable Nanophotonics

Wang Zhang et al.

Summary: In this study, a stiff shape memory polymer was developed to solve the stiction problem in the deformed state, allowing shape recovery. Nanopillars with high resolution and aspect ratio were fabricated using two-photon lithography, enabling reconfigurable structural color prints and holograms.

NANO LETTERS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

3D Printed Microstructures Erasable by Darkness

Steven C. Gauci et al.

Summary: This article introduces a unique photoresist for direct laser writing (DLW) that is capable of printing 3D microstructures which can be erased by exposure to darkness. By using light-stabilized dynamic materials, microstructures that remain stable under continuous green light irradiation but degrade once the light source is switched off are fabricated. In-depth analysis of the degradation and light stabilization properties showcase the potential of this photoresist to control the release and impart responsive behavior onto printed structures.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Visible-Light-Degradable 3D Microstructures in Aqueous Environments

Marvin Gernhardt et al.

Summary: Direct laser writing (DLW), also known as two-photon laser lithography, is an established technique for fabricating functional 3D microstructures. This study introduces a novel photoresist based on the bimane group that can be degraded under mild conditions using water and visible light. The degradation process of the microstructures is tracked and quantified using AFM measurements. The research investigates the influence of writing parameters and degradation conditions, providing clear evidence of effective visible light degradation in aqueous environments. The utility of the photodegradable resist system is demonstrated by incorporating it into multimaterial 3D microstructures.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Multiphoton Lithography of Organic Semiconductor Devices for 3D Printing of Flexible Electronic Circuits, Biosensors, and Bioelectronics

Omid Dadras-Toussi et al.

Summary: By incorporating organic semiconductor materials and utilizing multiphoton lithography technology, three-dimensional OS composite microstructures with high electrical conductivity and biocompatibility were successfully fabricated, providing an efficient platform for sensitive glucose detection in biosensors.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2022)

Article Optics

Generation of mid-infrared vortex beams by 3-D printed polymer phase plates

Junchao Zhou et al.

Summary: Polymer based spiral phase plates (SPP) created through three dimensional direct laser writing method were used to demonstrate the characteristics of light carrying vortex beams in the mid-infrared region. This technology provides crucial integrated components for exploring quantum photonics and optical communications.

OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Synthesis and application of triphenylamine-based aldehydes as photo-initiators for multi-photon lithography

D. Ladika et al.

Summary: Three new triphenylamine derivatives with formyl groups were synthesized and evaluated as photo-initiators for multi-photon lithography. The efficiency of photo-polymerization was tested using two different setups and for various applications. The results show that these photo-initiators are a viable alternative to standard ones, thanks to their wide fabrication window, well-defined 3D prints in the sub-micron range, and solubility.

APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Three-dimensional nanofabrication via ultrafast laser patterning and kinetically regulated material assembly

Fei Han et al.

Summary: A major challenge in nanotechnology is the fabrication of complex 3D structures with desired materials. This study presents a strategy using a library of materials to fabricate arbitrary 3D nanostructures. By using hydrogel templates and fine-tuning exposure strategies, high-resolution 2D and 3D structures are achieved. Fabricated nanodevices demonstrate their designed functionality and precision, offering further possibilities for nanodevice design.

SCIENCE (2022)

Article Engineering, Manufacturing

4D printing of shape-changing structures based on IPN epoxy composites formed by UV post-curing and ?-ray radiation

Linlin Wang et al.

Summary: A strategy for double networks in epoxy resin is proposed to improve the performances of printed structures, with characteristics of high Young's modulus and fracture strain. The IPN epoxy/GFs composites have potential applications in manufacturing smart deployable structures, medical devices, and automobile shell parts.

COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Electro-active metaobjective from metalenses-on-demand

Julian Karst et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates electrically switchable metallic polymer metalenses, whose optical states and focal length can be adjusted via CMOS compatible voltages, opening up new possibilities for ultra-compact photonic integration.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Direct retrieval of Zernike-based pupil functions using integrated diffractive deep neural networks

Elena Goi et al.

Summary: This article presents a compact optical-electronic module based on multi-layered diffractive neural networks that can directly retrieve pupil phase information from an imaging sensor. Compared to current phase retrieval schemes, this module has a smaller size and higher practical value.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Plasmonic bound states in the continuum to tailor light-matter coupling

Andreas Aigner et al.

Summary: Researchers have designed and successfully fabricated plasmonic nanofin metasurfaces, which play a crucial role in nanophotonics. By manipulating the geometric parameters, they achieved high-quality factor modes and demonstrated powerful performance in molecular sensing. The precise control of light-matter interactions is essential in this study. This research provides a new approach for enhancing light-matter interactions in various applications.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Functional Shape-Morphing Microarchitectures Fabricated by Dynamic Holographically Shifted Femtosecond Multifoci

Leran Zhang et al.

Summary: This work introduces a new method for manufacturing functional microdevices based on responsive hydrogel. By combining holograms with lens phase modulation, multiple femtosecond laser spots are generated and shifted for rapid prototyping of three-dimensional shape-morphing structures. This method, which does not require any moving equipment, offers a facile and flexible approach for fabricating high-performance microcage arrays and arrayed analytical platforms.

NANO LETTERS (2022)

Article Engineering, Manufacturing

Characterization of two-photon photopolymerization fabrication using high-speed optical diffraction tomography

Yanping He et al.

Summary: Two-photon photopolymerization (TPP) is a popular method for fabricating three-dimensional micro- and nanostructures. This study proposes a non-invasive solution using optical diffraction tomography (ODT) to fully characterize TPP-fabricated structures, improving fabrication quality and reproducibility.

ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (2022)

Article Engineering, Manufacturing

Modeling of two-photon polymerization in the strong-pulse regime

Mingman Sun et al.

Summary: This study simulated two-photon polymerization process and validated the model reliability. The research showed that using fewer but higher energy pulses is more energy-efficient under lower pulse energy, while energy waste occurs under higher pulse energy.

ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (2022)

Article Optics

3D-printed facet-attached optical elements for beam shaping in optical phased arrays

Stefan Singer et al.

Summary: We demonstrate an optical phased-array that can shape and deflect emitted beams. By using a 3D-printed facet-attached element, the beam shaper can be precisely aligned with on-chip waveguide structures. In the proof-of-concept experiment, a large steering range and small beam divergence are achieved. This concept provides an attractive alternative for various integration platforms.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2022)

Article Optics

Towards efficient structure prediction and pre-compensation in multi-photon lithography

Nicolas Lang et al.

Summary: This study presents a simple, fast, and easily implementable algorithm for predicting the final structure topography in multi-photon lithography. The algorithm approximates the three main steps of lithography and shows promising results in agreement with experimental observations. The use of a Downhill-Simplex algorithm for parameter optimization significantly reduces deviations and enables the production of highly conformal and high-quality microstructures.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2022)

Article Optics

Smart grating coupled whispering-gallery-mode microcavity on tip of multicore optical fiber with response enhancement

Feiyang Hou et al.

Summary: This study presents a method of coupling a smart grating to a whispering-gallery-modes (WGMs) microcavity, aiming to enhance the responses to chemical and thermal stimulations. The deformation of the smart grating induces changes in the coupling distance, which leads to additional increments in the intrinsic wavelength shifts of the microcavity. The results have significant implications for the design of chemical and temperature sensors based on WGMs microcavities.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2022)

Article Optics

Rapid aberration correction for diffractive X-ray optics by additive manufacturing

Frank Seiboth et al.

Summary: In this study, we present a method to overcome manufacturing challenges in hard X-ray optics using a tailor-made refractive phase plate. With at-wavelength metrology and rapid prototyping, we demonstrate aberration correction for crossed multilayer Laue lenses, improving image quality significantly.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2022)

Article Optics

Far-field lithography through saturated resonance energy transfer

Nikolaos Liaros

Summary: A method based on resonance energy transfer is proposed for writing three-dimensional features in the far field. The saturation of energy transfer induces a nonlinear intensity response, enabling three-dimensional nanofabrication without ultrafast excitation. Addition of a second, spatially shaped beam allows nanopatterning below the diffraction limit.

OPTICS LETTERS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

3D-Printed Mobius Microring Lasers: Topology Engineering in Photonic Microstructures

Xianqing Lin et al.

Summary: This article introduces a method of using femtosecond laser direct writing technique to fabricate 3D topological Mobius microring resonators and their application in photon manipulation. Unlike traditional resonators, the topological Mobius microring resonator can output laser signals with all polarization states, representing an important advancement in 3D topological photonics.
Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

3D printing colloidal crystal microstructures via sacrificial-scaffold-mediated two-photon lithography

Keliang Liu et al.

Summary: The authors demonstrate a sacrificial-scaffold-mediated two-photon lithography strategy that enables the fabrication of complex 3D colloidal crystal microstructures with orderly arranged nanoparticles in the bulk.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

An achromatic metafiber for focusing and imaging across the entire telecommunication range

Haoran Ren et al.

Summary: The authors have successfully fabricated a 3D achromatic diffractive metalens on the end face of a single-mode fiber, capable of achieving achromatic and polarization-insensitive focusing. This technology has potential applications in various fields, including endoscopic imaging, laser treatment, deep tissue imaging, and fiber-optic communications.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Femtosecond laser dentistry for precise and efficient cavity preparation in teeth

Ludovic Rapp et al.

Summary: This study utilized high fluence focused femtosecond laser pulses to perform fast, high precision and minimally damaging cavity cutting of teeth at room temperature without irrigation or cooling system. No chemical change in the composition of enamel and dentin was observed, and the increase in dental pulp temperature during the laser procedure was within an acceptable limit.

BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Modified photoresins with tunable refractive index for 3D printed micro-optics

R. S. Ketchum et al.

Summary: Modern two-photon lithography (TPL) technologies provide convenient methods for 3D printing sub-micron featured structures in photopolymers. TPL is a valuable tool for rapid prototyping of micro-optics, photonic metamaterials, and nanostructures. The ability to tune the optical properties of the resin materials used for TPL greatly expands the capabilities of 3D printing these types of components.

OPTICAL MATERIALS EXPRESS (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

High resolution femtosecond direct laser writing with wrapped lens

Andrea Toulouse et al.

Summary: Wrapped writing mode is a simple and cost-effective approach to multiphoton stereolithography, offering wide application prospects. By using a thin cling foil to shield the objective, it ensures writing resolution without direct contact. Moreover, this method is not limited by the working distance height of the objective and can be used for prototyping various formulations.

OPTICAL MATERIALS EXPRESS (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

3D optomechanical metamaterials

Alexander Muenchinger et al.

Summary: Mechanical metamaterials composed of liquid-crystal elastomers have the capability to change their properties under external stimulus. By presenting two examples, we demonstrate the responsiveness of these metamaterials and overcome previous limitations.

MATERIALS TODAY (2022)

Letter Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Full Geometric Control of Hidden Color Information in Diffraction Gratings under Angled White Light Illumination

John You En Chan et al.

Summary: In this study, a versatile nanofabrication technique called two-photon polymerization lithography was used to vary the geometric parameters in gratings and encode hidden color information. Two design approaches were used to hide color information in the gratings, and different images were revealed under oblique incidence and varying sample rotation angles.

NANO LETTERS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Direct Observation of Spin-Orbit Interaction of Light via Chiroptical Responses

Jincheng Ni et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the spin-orbit interaction of light in the form of strong chiroptical responses by breaking the symmetry. The generated chiroptical spectra can be tuned for different photonic orbital angular momenta and microdisk diameters.

NANO LETTERS (2022)

Article Optics

Light-sheet 3D microprinting via two-colour two-step absorption

Vincent Hahn et al.

Summary: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in high-speed, high-resolution optics-based 3D printing technology. By combining image projection with optical nonlinearity, researchers have successfully achieved high printing rates with small voxel volumes.

NATURE PHOTONICS (2022)

Article Optics

Vortex-Bessel beam generation by 3D direct printing of an integrated multi-optical element on a fiber tip

Shlomi Lightman et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the fabrication of a high-order Bessel beam on the tip of an optical fiber using 3D-direct laser writing technology. The beam shaping is achieved by an integrated micro-optical system, resulting in the generation of a Bessel beam carrying orbital angular momentum. The characteristics of the generated beam are analyzed and measured, showing the expected properties.

OPTICS LETTERS (2022)

Article Optics

Generation of Bessel beams via femtosecond direct laser writing 3D phase plates

Jue Wang et al.

Summary: Bessel beams with diffracting-free propagation and self-reconstruction have attracted great interest for their potential applications. This study successfully generated zeroth- and higher-order Bessel beams with propagation invariance using the femtosecond direct laser writing technique, providing possibilities for integrated optics applications.

OPTICS LETTERS (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

3D nanoprinting of semiconductor quantum dots by photoexcitation-induced chemical bonding

Shao-Feng Liu et al.

Summary: Researchers have developed a polymerization-independent laser direct writing technique for printing arbitrary 3D quantum dot structures with nanoscale resolution. This technique improves material purity and intrinsic properties, and holds potential for the manufacturing of optoelectronic devices.

SCIENCE (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Miniature optoelectronic compound eye camera

Zhi-Yong Hu et al.

Summary: Researchers have demonstrated the potential of a miniature optoelectronic integrated compound eye camera by manufacturing polymer compound eyes with logarithmic profile ommatidia, which enables large field-of-view imaging, spatial position identification, and sensitive trajectory monitoring of moving targets. This insect-scale camera holds great promise for cutting-edge applications in endoscopy and robot vision by integrating well-developed planar imaging sensors with complex micro-optics elements.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Superconducting Single-Photon Spectrometer with 3D-Printed Photonic-Crystal Filters

You Xiao et al.

Summary: The spectrometer combines a superconducting single-photon detector array and 3D-printed photonic-crystal filters, achieving a system sensitivity down to -108.2 dBm and a resolution of 5 nm from 1200 to 1700 nm.

ACS PHOTONICS (2022)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

3D-Nanoprinted Antiresonant Hollow-Core Microgap Waveguide: An on-Chip Platform for Integrated Photonic Devices and Sensors

Johannes Buerger et al.

Summary: The antiresonant hollow-core microgap waveguide is presented as a platform for on-chip investigation of light-gas interaction over centimeter-long distances. It demonstrates unique properties such as high contrast resonance, extremely broadband transmission windows, and high structural openness factor. The platform allows for spectral control and tuning through nanoprinting. It has potential applications in various spectroscopy-related fields, including bioanalytics, environmental sciences, and life sciences.

ACS PHOTONICS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

XCT and DLW: Synergies of Two Techniques at Sub-Micrometer Resolution

Sven Fritzsche et al.

Summary: The article introduces the methods of direct laser writing (DLW) and X-ray computed tomography (XCT) for manufacturing and analyzing polymer structures at the microscale. Through experiments, the article demonstrates the detection and analysis capability of XCT for internal defects in the manufactured structures, as well as the three-dimensional reconstruction of hidden features of the structures. It also shows the advantage of direct fabrication on PET substrate.

APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL (2022)

Review Engineering, Manufacturing

4D printing of shape memory polymer composites: A review on fabrication techniques, applications, and future perspectives

Muhammad Yasir Khalid et al.

Summary: In recent years, there has been increasing interest in additively manufactured shape memory polymers (SMPs) and their multi-functional composites. 4D printing, which utilizes time-responsive programmable materials, has been a fascinating field in additive manufacturing. Stimuli-responsive polymers are capable of retaining their original shapes when exposed to diverse external stimuli. The integration of 4D printing and shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs) has led to rapid technological advancements in smart and multi-functional materials. The use of 4D printing for SMPCs has enabled exploration of various engineering applications.

JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES (2022)

Article

Emerging techniques for customized fabrication of glass

Xiaofeng Liu et al.

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: X (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

3D Direct Laser Writing of Highly Absorptive Photoresist for Miniature Optical Apertures

Michael D. Schmid et al.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2022)

Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Femtosecond aser direct writing 3D micro/nano-lithography using VIS-light oscillator

Antanas Butkus et al.

Summary: In this study, a novel femtosecond laser direct writing method was reported, which can structure pre-polymers without using photo-initiators. The experimental work is of high importance for widening the applications of laser additive manufacturing.

JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY (2022)

Article Optics

Characterization of two-photon-polymerization lithography structures via Raman spectroscopy and nanoindentation

Severin Schweiger et al.

Summary: Additive manufacturing using two-photon polymerization (TPP) lithography is widely used and studied. This research investigated the mechanical material properties of cuboid structures fabricated using TPP lithography by conducting parameter sweeps and material tests. The results showed significant variations in material properties among different photo-resists.

JOURNAL OF OPTICAL MICROSYSTEMS (2022)

Article Optics

Two-photon polymerization as a potential manufacturing tool for biomimetic engineering of complex structures found in nature

Gordon Zyla et al.

Summary: This study successfully utilized 3D printing by two-photon polymerization to engineer biomimetic surface structures inspired by blue-winged butterflies. The printed structures displayed angle-insensitive optical properties similar to the Morpho wings. The researchers also analyzed the morphology and optical properties of the biological and engineered specimens and compared the coloration of biomimetic surfaces with that of the Morpho butterfly.

JOURNAL OF OPTICAL MICROSYSTEMS (2022)

Article Optics

Beyond Lambertian light trapping for large-area silicon solar cells: fabrication methods

Jovan Maksimovic et al.

Summary: Light trapping photonic crystal (PhC) patterns on the surface of Si solar cells provide a novel opportunity for approaching the theoretical efficiency limit. Two surface patterning methods are compared, along with electron beam lithography. Spectral characterization of the PhC light trapping is also discussed.

OPTO-ELECTRONIC ADVANCES (2022)

Article Optics

Laser additive manufacturing of Si/ZrO2 tunable crystalline phase 3D nanostructures

Greta Merkininkaite et al.

Summary: This study focuses on the rapidly developing field of inorganic material 3D object production at the nano-/micro scale. The researchers used laser lithography and heat treatment to fabricate a series of organometallic polymer precursors with different silicon and zirconium ratios. The spatial downscaling and surface morphology of these structures were evaluated, and a crystalline phase was confirmed through X-ray diffraction analysis. The fabricated 3D objects retained their complex geometry without distortion after heat treatment, and achieved a new record of resolution below 60 nm. This preparation protocol is promising for the manufacturing of high precision micro/nano-devices with resistance to high temperature and aggressive environments.

OPTO-ELECTRONIC ADVANCES (2022)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Combining one and two photon polymerization for accelerated high performance (3+1)D photonic integration

Adria Grabulosa et al.

Summary: This study combines one-photon and two-photon polymerization techniques to achieve fast manufacturing of vertical waveguides and improve optical performance. This technology is significant for addressing thermal energy dissipation in 3D electronic integration.

NANOPHOTONICS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Temperature-Responsive 4D Liquid Crystal Microactuators Fabricated by Direct Laser Writing by Two-Photon Polymerization

Marc del Pozo et al.

Summary: Liquid crystalline photoresists can be used to fabricate highly crosslinked 4D microactuators with unique polarization colors, enabling complex tasks and anti-anticounterfeiting microdevices.

SMALL STRUCTURES (2022)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Nanophotonic Structural Colors

Soroosh Daqiqeh Rezaei et al.

Summary: The article introduces the traditional and new definitions of structural colors, discusses the physical phenomena and main application areas of structural colors, summarizes the materials and structures used to generate structural coloration, and the latest advances in dynamic structural colors.

ACS PHOTONICS (2021)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

3D-Printedhigh-NAcatadioptric thin lens for suppression ofXPMbackground in Stimulated Raman Scattering microscopy

Andrea Bertoncini et al.

Summary: The 3D printed high NA compact catadioptric lens effectively eliminates the spurious background signals induced by XPM in SRS measurements, enabling convenient collection of high-quality SRS signals. This lens not only rivals high-NA microscope objectives in signal collection, but also demonstrates compatibility with other nonlinear microscopies associated with SRS in multimodal microscopes.

JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS (2021)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Three-Dimensional Photoluminescent Crypto-Images Doped with (CdSe)ZnS Quantum Dots by One-Photon and Two-Photon Polymerization

Tiziana Ritacco et al.

Summary: Three-dimensional photoluminescent crypto-images can be created using quantum dots within polymeric micro-objects. By utilizing two-photon polymerization direct laser writing, majority of QDs are expelled from the irradiated area due to monomer cross-linking. Physical phenomena of QDs excitation and surrounding thermal polymerization can be combined to control local density of QDs with nanometric resolution and tune local photoemission.

ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS (2021)

Article Optics

Two-photon lithography of fluorescence-encoded quick-read micro-code for anti-counterfeiting applications

Arun Jaiswal et al.

Summary: Anti-counterfeiting tags are crucial for preventing duplication of valuable products, but newer technologies have made it increasingly difficult to detect forgeries. The proposed sub-micron-scale fluorescent tag design allows for encoded messages to be visible under ultraviolet light, providing layered security measures against counterfeiting.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-PHOTONICS (2021)

Article Optics

Design and two-photon direct laser writing of low-loss waveguides, tapers and S-bends

Tigran Baghdasaryan et al.

Summary: This study focused on the efficient design of optical waveguide-based building blocks using two-photon polymerization-based direct laser writing. Numerical investigations were conducted on air-clad waveguides, tapers, and S-bends to minimize insertion losses and reduce device sizes. The research successfully demonstrated waveguides with square and circular cross-sections mode-matched with single-mode optical fibers, identified parabolic tapers for adiabatic transitions between different waveguide sizes, and designed optimized S-bends with Bezier curve shapes. These components were fabricated and confirmed to have nearly lossless performance. The study provides design rules and ready-to-use recipes for fabricating low-loss 3D-printed waveguide-based building blocks, aiming to inspire the development of efficient photonic devices for diverse application fields.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-PHOTONICS (2021)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Wide-Gamut Biomimetic Structural Colors from Interference-Assisted Two-Photon Polymerization

Hongcheng Gu et al.

Summary: Two-photon polymerization (TPP) with interference assistance allows for precise control of coloration, producing biomimetic structural colors inspired by Morph butterflies. The technology has been systematically studied for coloration mechanisms and can be widely used in applications such as displays, decoration, and sensing.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Printable Nanocomposite Metalens for High-Contrast Near-Infrared Imaging

Gwanho Yoon et al.

Summary: Printable metalenses made of a silicon nanocomposite offer high refractive index and thermal stability, suitable for intricate nanofabrication and rapid large-scale manufacturing. By optimizing the composition of the nanocomposite, the focusing efficiency of the metalenses can be further increased.

ACS NANO (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Two-Photon Laser-Written Photoalignment Layers for Patterning Liquid Crystalline Conjugated Polymer Orientation

Yuping Shi et al.

Summary: Systematic tuning of chemical and physical structure allows fine control over desired electronic and optical properties in conjugated polymer semiconductors. By using photoalignment, it is possible to achieve orientation in liquid crystalline polymers for desired optical anisotropies.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Stimuli Responsive Shape Memory Microarchitectures

Luizetta Elliott et al.

Summary: The research focuses on utilizing benzyl methacrylate-based SMPs to create 3D structures with shape transformation capabilities through two photon lithography. The structures exhibit features such as 500 nm thick petals and 2.5 µm unit cells in cubic lattices.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2021)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

3D Printed Flexible Strain Sensors: From Printing to Devices and Signals

Haodong Liu et al.

Summary: The revolutionary advancements in flexible electronics offer great potential for wearable devices and electronic skin, with flexible strain sensors serving as essential components in integrated electronic systems. 3D printing technology is preferred for manufacturing flexible strain sensors due to its cost-effectiveness, accuracy, and efficiency. Various printing methods, such as DLP, FDM, and DIW, are discussed in this study, along with the sensing mechanisms of the printed sensors and suggestions for future research directions.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Two-Photon Polymerization of Nanocomposites for the Fabrication of Transparent Fused Silica Glass Microstructures

Frederik Kotz et al.

Summary: Fused silica glass is an ideal material for high-performance optics, and direct laser writing (DLW) can be used to generate transparent fused silica glass microstructures with resolutions on the scale of tens of micrometers. This technology has the potential to enable a wide range of applications in next-generation optics and photonics, as well as microfluidics and biomedical fields.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

Review Engineering, Multidisciplinary

3D printing for polymer/particle-based processing: A review

Weiheng Xu et al.

Summary: The 3D printing technology, also known as additive manufacturing, has great potential in manufacturing but requires further research to develop new mechanisms for multi-material manufacturing. Materials with unique properties, such as particles, can find broad applications in various fields. This review provides an overview of different 3D printing mechanisms and summarizes the processing parameters, advantages, disadvantages, and future challenges.

COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Full-Stokes Polarization Perfect Absorption with Diatomic Metasurfaces

Yao Liang et al.

Summary: This article introduces a novel plasmonic metasurface structure in the mid-infrared range that achieves full-Stokes polarization perfect absorption, providing strong field enhancement and sharp differentiation of spectral responses for various polarization states.

NANO LETTERS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Parallel convolutional processing using an integrated photonic tensor core

J. Feldmann et al.

Summary: With the advancement of technology, the demand for fast processing of large amounts of data is increasing, making highly parallelized, fast, and scalable hardware crucial. The integration of photonics can serve as the optical analogue of an application-specific integrated circuit, enabling photonic in-memory computing and efficient computational hardware.

NATURE (2021)

Article Optics

3D high precision laser printing of a flat nanofocalizer for subwavelength light spot array

Meiling Jiang et al.

Summary: By developing a direct laser writing technique, we demonstrated a flat nanofocalizer based on the fractional Talbot effect, which converges the light field into a uniform subwavelength light spot array. Introducing a buffer layer to improve fabrication precision allowed for accurate manipulation of phase delay, enabling the device to achieve high compression ratio and modular design capability. Our research may lead to the realization of subwavelength optical devices that can be easily integrated into existing optical systems.

OPTICS LETTERS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structural multi-colour invisible inks with submicron 4D printing of shape memory polymers

Wang Zhang et al.

Summary: Researchers have successfully achieved high-resolution printing and shape memory effects in SMP nanostructures through 4D printing, which can be used for temperature-sensitive labels, information hiding for anti-counterfeiting, and tunable photonic devices.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Effect of pyrolysis on microstructures made of various photoresists by two-photon polymerization: comparative study

M. I. Sharipova et al.

Summary: Two-photon laser polymerization (TPP) is a cutting-edge technology for submicron-resolution 3D printing, and pyrolysis-high-temperature annealing of polymer objects may be a promising method to modify size and chemical composition, potentially becoming a standard post-processing technique for structures created via TPP.

OPTICAL MATERIALS EXPRESS (2021)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Metasurface Optical Characterization Using Quadriwave Lateral Shearing Interferometry

Samira Khadir et al.

Summary: An optical metasurface is composed of scattering nanostructures and can be used to design ultrathin lenses, beam deflectors, and holograms. Improving metasurface design involves developing postcharacterization techniques, with quadriwave lateral shearing interferometry being a versatile method for achieving full optical characterization of metasurfaces.

ACS PHOTONICS (2021)

Review Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Polymerization mechanisms initiated by spatio-temporally confined light

Edvinas Skliutas et al.

Summary: Ultrafast laser 3D lithography based on multi-photon lithography offers precise rapid prototyping and flexible additive manufacturing options, yet there is still incomplete understanding regarding factors like spatial resolution, accuracy, fabrication throughput, repeatability, and material properties.

NANOPHOTONICS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

3D printing of highly stretchable hydrogel with diverse UV curable polymers

Qi Ge et al.

Summary: This study presents a new multimaterial 3D printing approach for fabricating complex hybrid 3D structures consisting of hydrogels and UV-curable polymers, paving the way for multifunctional soft devices and machines.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

3D Printing and Nanotechnology: A Multiscale Alliance in Personalized Medicine

Juliana dos Santos et al.

Summary: The combination of 3D printing and nanotechnology has shown significant progress in the pharmaceutical and medical field, particularly in terms of innovation and multifunctionality of medical products. Various scientific studies have demonstrated the potential of this alliance, with breakthroughs expected in areas such as cell growth, drug delivery, and antimicrobial applications.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Two-photon lithography of subwavelength plasmonic microstructures in metal-polymer composite resin

Arun Jaiswal et al.

Summary: Two-photon lithography is a crucial tool for additive manufacturing of 2D and 3D micro/nanostructures in metal-polymer composite resins with resolutions beyond the diffraction limit. The formulation of two-photon polymerizable metal doped resin has been reported, allowing for precise fabrication of metal doped micro/nanostructures. This technique has the potential to revolutionize additive manufacturing of metal-dielectric composite structures and contribute to advancements in areas such as metaphotonics and plasmonic metamaterials.

MATERIALS LETTERS (2021)

Article Agricultural Engineering

Influence of photoinitiator and temperature on photocross-linking kinetics of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil and properties of the resulting polymers

Migle Lebedevaite et al.

Summary: The study investigated the photocross-linking kinetics of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil, finding that the type and amount of photoinitiator had an impact on the polymer properties. The results could help integrate modified soybean oil into UV/VIS curing systems, reducing environmental impact.

INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Hierarchical Colorful Structures by Three-Dimensional Printing of Inverse Opals

Hemant Kumar Raut et al.

Summary: Structural coloration is a common solution in biological systems for controlling visible light, with more complex effects achieved by incorporating additional hierarchical structures. Researchers have successfully controlled photonic structures at different length scales using direct laser writing and nanosphere assembly, producing freeform hierarchical constructions with high-intensity structural coloration in the form of inverse opals.

NANO LETTERS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

3D-printed silica with nanoscale resolution

Xiewen Wen et al.

Summary: A 3D printing technique has been developed to create high-quality pure silica nanostructures with sub-200 nm resolution and the flexible capability of rare-earth element doping. The printed SiO2 structures show strong photoluminescence at desired wavelengths, making it ideal for building integrated microphotonics. This technique has the potential for exciting applications in three-dimensional micro- and nanophotonics.

NATURE MATERIALS (2021)

Article Optics

Two-step absorption instead of two-photon absorption in 3D nanoprinting

Vincent Hahn et al.

Summary: This study introduces a two-step absorption process using inexpensive light sources as an alternative to high-resolution fabrication by two-photon absorption with femtosecond lasers. The two-step absorption shows similar quadratic optical nonlinearity as two-photon absorption under suitable conditions, allowing for printing state-of-the-art 3D nanostructures. This work paves the way for drastic miniaturization and cost reduction of 3D laser nanoprinters while addressing issues associated with femtosecond lasers.

NATURE PHOTONICS (2021)

Review Optics

Two-photon lithography for three-dimensional fabrication in micro/ nanoscale regime: A comprehensive review

V. Harinarayana et al.

Summary: With the introduction of femtosecond lasers in the early 1990s, ultrafast laser processing has become crucial for micro/nano machining, with Two-photon lithography (TPL) being a unique technique that has revolutionized laser material processing. This paper provides an overview of TPL, including its working principle, experimental setup, and materials, as well as techniques to improve resolution and pave the way for industrialization. The paper also thoroughly reviews TPL for microfabrication, with an emphasis on metamaterials.

OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY (2021)

Article Physics, Multidisciplinary

Mobius Strip Microlasers: A Testbed for Non-Euclidean Photonics

Yalei Song et al.

Summary: Experiments with Mobius strip microlasers fabricated by direct laser writing show that Mobius strip cavity cannot sustain whispering gallery modes (WGM) unlike conventional ring or disk resonators. Comparison between experiments and 3D finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations reveals that resonances are localized on periodic geodesics.

PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS (2021)

Review Polymer Science

A Review of Vat Photopolymerization Technology: Materials, Applications, Challenges, and Future Trends of 3D Printing

Marek Pagac et al.

Summary: This paper reviews three photopolymerization technologies and the mechanical properties of light-curable resin materials, as well as their practical applications. It aims to inspire further research in the field of photopolymerization technology, especially in the development of new materials and mathematical models.

POLYMERS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Biomimetic apposition compound eye fabricated using microfluidic-assisted 3D printing

Bo Dai et al.

Summary: The study presents a microfluidic-assisted 3D printing technique for fabricating biomimetic compound eyes, mimicking natural eye structures and enabling various applications.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Shape-programmable liquid crystal elastomer structures with arbitrary three-dimensional director fields and geometries

Yubing Guo et al.

Summary: Pre-patterning director fields into liquid crystal elastomers enables programmed morphing upon actuation, allowing for various applications in soft robotics, dynamic optics, and programmable origami and kirigami. This technology makes it possible to achieve programmable shape changes in materials, depending on their geometries and director fields.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Leveraging on ENZ Metamaterials to Achieve 2D and 3D Hyper-Resolution in Two-Photon Direct Laser Writing

Giuseppe Emanuele Lio et al.

Summary: A novel technique has been developed to improve the resolution of two-photon direct laser writing lithography. The study shows the fabrication of ultra-thin all-dielectric metalenses and highly detailed dielectric 3D bas-relief structures.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Mechanically Robust and UV-Curable Shape-Memory Polymers for Digital Light Processing Based 4D Printing

Biao Zhang et al.

Summary: A mechanically robust and UV-curable SMP system has been developed for 4D printing, allowing the fabrication of high-resolution, highly complex 3D structures with large shape change upon heating. The developed SMP system exhibits excellent fatigue resistance and can be repeatedly loaded more than 10,000 times, significantly improving the mechanical performance of SMP-based 4D printing structures for engineering applications such as aerospace, smart furniture, and soft robots.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

Article Physics, Applied

Birefringent optical retarders from laser 3D-printed dielectric metasurfaces

Simonas Varapnickas et al.

Summary: This study reports on the design, production, and characterization of dielectric metasurface birefringent optical retarders made from femtosecond laser 3D printing technology, with a polarization conversion efficiency more than 10 times larger than previously reported. The flexibility of the fabrication process allows for arbitrary orientation of the artificially engineered optical axis, opening up new possibilities for 3D printed geometric phase optical elements.

APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2021)

Article Optics

Rapid, continuous projection multi-photon 3D printing enabled by spatiotemporal focusing of femtosecond pulses

Paul Somers et al.

Summary: This work combines high-speed projection multiphoton printing with spatiotemporal focusing to achieve rapid, layer-by-layer fabrication of 3D structures. A numerical model for computing spatiotemporal focusing and imaging is presented and verified. Complex 3D structures with smooth features are fabricated, showcasing the potential to manufacture 3D structures with micro/nanoscale features in a practical time scale.

LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Probing Plasmon-Induced Chemical Mechanisms by Free-Radical Nanophotopolymerization

Farid Kameche et al.

Summary: The localized surface plasmon-induced photopolymerization of free-radical acrylate monomers is an efficient method for preparing metal/polymer hybrid nanoparticles with precise control over the thickness and distribution of the polymer on the nanoparticle surface. Experimental studies have shown that the photochemical pathway may be the main mechanism, although various mechanisms involving electromagnetic hot spots, thermoplasmonic effects, and electrochemical processes have been proposed.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Three-dimensional nanoprinting via charged aerosol jets

Wooik Jung et al.

Summary: Three-dimensional (3D) printing has revolutionized manufacturing processes in various fields. A new technique allows direct printing of metal nanostructures with flexible geometries and feature sizes down to hundreds of nanometres, using various materials.

NATURE (2021)

Article Optics

Laser 3D Printing of Inorganic Free-Form Micro-Optics

Diana Gonzalez-Hernandez et al.

Summary: A pilot study on laser 3D printing of inorganic free-form micro-optics has been experimentally validated, demonstrating the optical performance of the produced miniature optical elements. This technology allows for the manufacturing of complex optical components and is suitable for applications in harsh conditions such as high radiation and temperature environments.

PHOTONICS (2021)

Article Optics

Refractive index change measurement by quantitative microscopy phase imaging for femtosecond laser written structures

Alain Abou Khalil et al.

Summary: Quantitative phase imaging is an efficient technique for quantitatively and qualitatively measuring refractive index profiles spatially, but has limitations in measuring the depth for thick samples. This paper presents an approach based on the complete Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction theory to quantitatively measure refractive index changes in thick samples, which is validated through experimental measurements on cylindrically shaped volume modifications inscribed in silica glass. The results enable quantitative measurement of refractive index changes in thick embedded 3D structures.

OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Optics

3D printed hybrid refractive/diffractive achromat and apochromat for the visible wavelength range

Michael Schmid et al.

Summary: This letter demonstrates the use of 3D direct laser writing technology in creating micro-optical devices with drastically reduced chromatic aberrations by combining different photoresists. The combination of refractive and diffractive surfaces to create achromats and apochromats has been successfully shown, offering significant benefits for micro-optics.

OPTICS LETTERS (2021)

Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

3D and 4D lithography of untethered microrobots

Fatemeh Rajabasadi et al.

Summary: Additive manufacturing technologies like 3D printing and two-photon polymerization have advanced micro/nano-fabrication, offering high resolution and reproducibility. Particularly in the field of medical microrobotics, the use of smart materials and complex structures presents new opportunities for innovation and research.

PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE (2021)

Article Polymer Science

Vegetable Oil-Based Thiol-Ene/Thiol-Epoxy Resins for Laser Direct Writing 3D Micro-/Nano-Lithography

Sigita Grauzeliene et al.

Summary: This study focuses on enhancing the performance of thermosets by combining photo- and thermal polymerization, using renewable resources instead of petroleum-based materials. By studying thiol-epoxy reactions and examining rheological properties, the most suitable formulations for laser direct writing were selected. The dual cured thermosets showed higher rigidity, tensile strength, and thermal stability, demonstrating their potential for high-resolution 3D printing.

POLYMERS (2021)

Article Optics

Ultrahigh numerical aperture meta-fibre for flexible optical trapping

Malte Plidschun et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates the design and 3D nanoprinting of an ultrahigh numerical aperture meta-fibre for highly flexible optical trapping, achieving a diffraction-limited focal spot with a record-high numerical aperture of up to NA approximate to 0.9. This flexible and cost-effective meta-fibre device shows great potential in various fields including bioanalytics, quantum technology, and life sciences.

LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Optical Fireworks Based on Multifocal Three-Dimensional Color Prints

Hongtao Wang et al.

Summary: This study introduces a concept of virtual 3D color objects with colorful focal spots controlled by 3D printed microlens profiles and nanopillar heights, which can display bright colorful spots above the substrate under white light illumination. The technology has potential applications in practical anticounterfeiting labels and colorful displays integrated with nanostructures.

ACS NANO (2021)

Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Nature-inspired materials and structures using 3D Printing

Amit Bandyopadhyay et al.

Summary: The challenging task of emulating the unique combination of structural, compositional, and functional gradation found in natural materials has been facilitated by recent innovations in additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D Printing (3DP). These techniques enable the creation of structures with variations in material composition, structure, and performance, giving manufacturers an edge in designing components for highly-specialized applications in different industries.

MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING R-REPORTS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Full Color and Grayscale Painting with 3D Printed Low-Index Nanopillars

Hao Wang et al.

Summary: The study reports a method for color and grayscale generation based on tuning a single nanostructure geometry, systematically investigated color generation from basic single nanopillar geometry in low-refractive-index material through two-photon polymerization lithography.

NANO LETTERS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Hybrid anisotropic plasmonic metasurfaces with multiple resonances of focused light beams

Yao Liang et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates multiple resonances with high absorption amplitudes by utilizing the physics of bound states in the continuum, providing novel strategies for designing photonic devices that manipulate focused light.

NANO LETTERS (2021)

Article Engineering, Chemical

Effect of temperature on the SU-8 photoresist filling behavior during thermal nanoimprinting

Lei Sun et al.

Summary: This paper investigates the filling behavior of SU-8 photoresist during thermal nanoimprinting by analyzing the temperature-dependent rheological properties and discussing the filling behavior at different temperatures. High-precision nanochannels were successfully fabricated under optimized parameters.

POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Ultralow-threshold laser using super-bound states in the continuum

Min-Soo Hwang et al.

Summary: By merging symmetry-protected and accidental bound states in the continuum, an efficient laser with significantly reduced threshold, substantially increased quality factor, and shrunken far-field images can be realized. The study provides a route for nanolasers with reduced out-of-plane losses in finite-size active nanodevices and improved lasing characteristics.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

High-resolution light field prints by nanoscale 3D printing

John You En Chan et al.

Summary: Light field prints displaying 3D information often appear pixelated due to limited resolution and misalignment between lenses and color pixels. Here, the authors present a one-step process via two-photon polymerization lithography to fabricate light field prints with high spatial and angular resolution.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Review Chemistry, Physical

Review on Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Ultra-Short Pulsed Laser Ablation of Metals with Burst Pulses

Daniel J. Foerster et al.

Summary: The use of ultra-short double pulses for laser processing has been attracting attention since the early 2000s. Over the past decade, pulse bursts consisting of multiple pulses with delays of several tens of nanoseconds have entered the field of micromachining of metals, opening up new process regimes and improving the structuring rates and surface quality of machined samples. Various physical effects have led to a new understanding of machining strategies and processing regimes, with experimental and numerical investigations placing results in context for different time scales during laser processing.

MATERIALS (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Refractive index and dispersion of transparent 3D printing photoresins

Mateo Reynoso et al.

Summary: This study measured the refractive index of commonly used 3D printing photosensitive resins for the first time, revealing a range of 1.505-1.533 across the visible spectrum. The Abbe number also varied between 44.4 - 67.8.

OPTICAL MATERIALS EXPRESS (2021)

Article Polymer Science

Two-Photon Polymerization: Functionalized Microstructures, Micro-Resonators, and Bio-Scaffolds

Adriano J. G. Otuka et al.

Summary: Direct laser writing technique based on two-photon polymerization (TPP) has significantly evolved over the past two decades, offering capabilities in 3D, sub-diffraction resolution, material flexibility, and gentle processing conditions. Its applications in photonics and biosciences include fabrication of functionalized microstructures, whispering gallery mode (WGM) microresonators, and microenvironments for culturing microorganisms. Key physical-chemical fundamentals, typical experimental setups, and different materials employed for TPP are also described in this review.

POLYMERS (2021)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

High laser induced damage threshold photoresists for nano-imprint and 3D multi-photon lithography

Elmina Kabouraki et al.

Summary: A series of organic-inorganic hybrid photoresists with enhanced laser-induced damage threshold have been developed for the fabrication of micro-optical elements. These photoresists are suitable for three-dimensional multiphoton lithography and nanoimprint lithography, showing potential for future mass production of MOEs.

NANOPHOTONICS (2021)

Review Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

3D Printing of Multilayered and Multimaterial Electronics: A Review

Guo Liang Goh et al.

Summary: 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, has been utilized in electronics manufacturing for the fabrication of various electronic components and devices. There is ongoing research on 3D printing of multilayered and multimaterial electronics, but a comprehensive review on the design and fabrication consideration is yet to be done.

ADVANCED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Neuron-Inspired Steiner Tree Networks for 3D Low-Density Metastructures

Haoyi Yu et al.

Summary: The article discusses the importance of three-dimensional micro-and nanostructures in areas such as topological photonics, and introduces a method of creating low-density metamaterials by incorporating biomimetic geometries into metastructure design. It also describes the application of the Steiner tree method and two-photon nanolithography to achieve neuron-inspired 3D structures. Additionally, two solutions to the 3D Steiner tree problem are presented, along with predictions of topological nontrivial features in T-STNs.

ADVANCED SCIENCE (2021)

Article Optics

Direct (3+1)D laser writing of graded-index optical elements

Xavier Porte et al.

Summary: The study introduces a single-step additive fabrication method for graded-index optical elements, demonstrating a rapid manufacturing process using a commercial printer and photoresist, which can be applied for various optical devices.

OPTICA (2021)

Article Optics

Topological photonics in 3D micro-printed systems

Julian Schulz et al.

Summary: Topological materials have been a focus of research in various fields of physics, with photonic systems serving as ideal test beds for topological models. Recent progress in 3D printing has enabled a range of implementations of topological systems.

APL PHOTONICS (2021)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Topological Photonics on a Small Scale

Dmitry V. Zhirihin et al.

Summary: The study discusses the physics and realization of topological photonics on small scales, focusing on recent experimental demonstrations of small-scale topological states based on arrays of resonant nanoparticles. Special attention is given to the progress on topological polaritonic structures and the future directions of nanoscale topological photonics.

SMALL SCIENCE (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Direct laser writing of vapour-responsive photonic arrays

Colm Delaney et al.

Summary: Arrays of optically responsive ionogel structures were fabricated using direct laser writing, showing visible color changes in the presence of different solvent vapours to demonstrate their responsive nature. This represents a new departure in photonic structural colouration, with the fabricating structure exhibiting programmable, controllable, and dynamic stimuli response.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C (2021)

Article Optics

Tight-binding model in optical waveguides: Design principle and transferability for simulation of complex photonics networks

Yang Chen et al.

Summary: This study explores the wide application of integrated optical waveguides based on the tight-binding model in quantum simulation, allowing for simulation of various phenomena by adjusting the coupling between waveguides. Results from simulations and experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in describing the physics of one- or two-dimensional large lattice systems. Additionally, some applications and the practicality of this approach are discussed.

PHYSICAL REVIEW A (2021)

Review Automation & Control Systems

Light-Powered Microrobots: Challenges and Opportunities for Hard and Soft Responsive Microswimmers

Ada-Ioana Bunea et al.

Summary: Global research in microrobotics has thrived in the past two decades, with a focus on light-driven microrobots. Despite facing challenges, potential solutions are being explored to facilitate their translation into real-world applications.

ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (2021)

Review Automation & Control Systems

4D Printing: Enabling Technology for Microrobotics Applications

Georges Adam et al.

Summary: 4D printing is a key technology for significant advances in microrobotics, offering higher versatility, more sophisticated designs, and a wide range of sensing and actuation possibilities. This review highlights how soft and smart materials directly printed in 3D are well suited for microrobotics requirements, and discusses advanced microrobotics requirements, fabrication methods, recent advances, and emerging opportunities in the field.

ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (2021)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recent advances in 3D printing of nanocellulose: structure, preparation, and application prospects

Liang Ying Ee et al.

Summary: Recently, cellulose nanomaterials extracted from agricultural biomasses have attracted attention due to declining fossil resources. Additive manufacturing techniques for new nanocellulosic materials have been developed to reduce carbon footprints and waste valuable resources. The studies on functional nanocellulosic materials with high surface area, biocompatibility, and ease of functionalization have facilitated a deeper understanding of their desirable attributes. Future applications of 3D-printed nanocellulose in biomedical, electronics, and environmental fields show optimistic technical prospects.

NANOSCALE ADVANCES (2021)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

3D printing of functional microrobots

Jinhua Li et al.

Summary: 3D printing technology converts virtual 3D models into tangible objects, attracting researchers' interest and showing potential in various industrial sectors. Customized design of functional microrobots using 3D printing technology holds promise in the field of microrobotics.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Controlled Microstructural Architectures Based on Smart Fabrication Strategies

Haibo Ding et al.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2020)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Four-dimensional direct laser writing of reconfigurable compound micromachines

Dongdong Jin et al.

MATERIALS TODAY (2020)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Thermal Transport in 3D Nanostructures

Haifei Zhan et al.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2020)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Design, Fabrication, and Mechanics of 3D Micro-/Nanolattices

Xuan Zhang et al.

Article Polymer Science

Photocross-linked polymers based on plant-derived monomers for potential application in optical 3D printing

Migle Lebedevaite et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE (2020)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Three-dimensional printing of multicomponent glasses using phase-separating resins

David G. Moore et al.

NATURE MATERIALS (2020)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Highly Efficient Dual-Fiber Optical Trapping with 3D Printed Diffractive Fresnel Lenses

Asa Asadollahbaik et al.

ACS PHOTONICS (2020)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Additive manufacturing by template-assisted 3D electrodeposition: Nanocrystalline nickel microsprings and microspring arrays

Patrik Schurch et al.

APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY (2020)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

4D Printing of a Light-Driven Soft Actuator with Programmed Printing Density

Akihiro Nishiguchi et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Magnetic Shape Memory Polymers with Integrated Multifunctional Shape Manipulation

Qiji Ze et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2020)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Nanomaterial Patterning in 3D Printing

Brian Elder et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2020)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Designing with Light: Advanced 2D, 3D, and 4D Materials

Kenward Jung et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2020)

Article Polymer Science

Smart Origination and Functional Replication: Thermal Reflow and Innovative 3D Structures

Robert Kirchner et al.

JOURNAL OF PHOTOPOLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2020)

Article Optics

Orbital angular momentum holography for high-security encryption

Xinyuan Fang et al.

NATURE PHOTONICS (2020)

Article Optics

Flat optics for image differentiation

You Zhou et al.

NATURE PHOTONICS (2020)

Article Optics

3D holographic light shaping for advanced multiphoton polymerization

Maria Manousidaki et al.

OPTICS LETTERS (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Subwavelength dielectric resonators for nonlinear nanophotonics

Kirill Koshelev et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

3D-Printed Scanning-Probe Microscopes with Integrated Optical Actuation and Read-Out

Philipp-Immanuel Dietrich et al.

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

High-resolution tomographic volumetric additive manufacturing

Damien Loterie et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

Article Optics

Coherent remote control of quantum emitters embedded in polymer waveguides

Alexander Landowski et al.

APL PHOTONICS (2020)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Review of 3D Printing Technologies for Soft Polymer Materials

Lu-Yu Zhou et al.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

3D Printing of Micrometer-Sized Transparent Ceramics with On-Demand Optical-Gain Properties

Ido Cooperstein et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2020)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Self-Powered Humidity Sensor Using Chitosan-Based Plasmonic Metal-Hydrogel-Metal Filters

Jaehyuck Jang et al.

ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS (2020)

Review Chemistry, Analytical

Focused Electron Beam-Based 3D Nanoprinting for Scanning Probe Microscopy: A Review

Harald Plank et al.

MICROMACHINES (2020)

Article Materials Science, Biomaterials

Three-Dimensional Printing of Pure Proteinaceous Microstructures by Femtosecond Laser Multiphoton Cross-Linking

Daniela Serien et al.

ACS BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING (2020)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Launching a new dimension with 3D magnetic nanostructures

Peter Fischer et al.

APL MATERIALS (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

3D printing of conducting polymers

Hyunwoo Yuk et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Single-step manufacturing of hierarchical dielectric metalens in the visible

Gwanho Yoon et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Multi-beam two-photon polymerization for fast large area 3D periodic structure fabrication for bioapplications

Christian Maibohm et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2020)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Microscale Polarization Color Pixels from Liquid Crystal Elastomers

Yubing Guo et al.

ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS (2020)

Article Optics

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