Intelligent Cubic-Designed Piezoelectric Node (iCUPE) with Simultaneous Sensing and Energy Harvesting Ability toward Self- Sustained Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT)

The evolution of artificial intelligence of things (AIoT) drastically facilitates the development of a smart city via comprehensive perception and seamless communication. As a foundation, various AIoT nodes are experiencing low integration and poor sustainability issues. Herein, a cubic-designed intelligent piezoelectric AIoT node iCUPE is presented, which integrates a high-performance energy harvesting and self powered sensing module via a micromachined lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thick-film-based high-frequency (HF)-piezoelectric generator (PEG) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co- trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) nanofiber thin-film-based low-frequency (LF)-PEGs, respectively. The LF-PEG and HFPEG with specific frequency up-conversion (FUC) mechanism ensures continuous power supply over a wide range of 10-46 Hz, with a record high power density of 17 mW/cm3 at 1 g acceleration. The cubic design allows for orthogonal placement of the three FUC-PEGs to ensure a wide range of response to vibrational energy sources from different directions. The self powered triaxial piezoelectric sensor (TPS) combined with machine learning (ML) assisted three orthogonal piezoelectric sensing units by using three LF-PEGs to achieve high-precision multifunctional vibration recognition with resolutions of 0.01 g, 0.01 Hz, and 2 degrees for acceleration, frequency, and tilting angle, respectively, providing a high recognition accuracy of 98%- 100%. This work proves the feasibility of developing a ML-based intelligent sensor for accelerometer and gyroscope functions at resonant frequencies. The proposed sustainable iCUPE is highly scalable to explore multifunctional sensing and energy harvesting capabilities under diverse environments, which is essential for AIoT implementation.

Automated summary

The evolution of AIoT greatly promotes the development of smart cities by enabling comprehensive perception and seamless communication. However, the integration and sustainability of AIoT nodes are currently limited. In this study, an intelligent piezoelectric AIoT node called iCUPE is designed, which integrates energy harvesting and self powered sensing modules. It achieves continuous power supply over a wide frequency range and high-precision multifunctional vibration recognition. The proposed iCUPE is scalable and essential for AIoT implementation in diverse environments.