Liquid Metal Nanoplatform Based Autologous Cancer Vaccines

Therapeutic cancer vaccines have been vigorously soughtto bolsterhost adaptive immunity against metastatic cancers, but tumor heterogeneity,ineffective antigen utilization, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironmenthinder their clinical applications. Autologous antigen adsorbabilityand stimulus-release carrier coupling with immunoadjuvant capacityare urgent for personalized cancer vaccines. Here, we propose a perspectivestrategy of using a multipotent gallium-based liquid metal (LM) nanoplatformfor personalized in situ cancer vaccines (ISCVs).The antigen-capturing and immunostimulatory LM nanoplatform can notonly effectively destroy orthotopic tumors to generate multifariousautologous antigens upon external energy stimulation (photothermal/photodynamiceffect) but also capture and transport antigens into dendritic cells(DCs) to enhance antigen utilization (adequate DCs uptake, antigen-endo/lysosomalescape) and facilitate DCs activation (mimic alum immunoadjuvant capacity),which ultimately awaken systemic antitumor immunity (expand cytotoxicT lymphocytes and modulate tumor microenvironment). With immune checkpointblockade (anti-PD-L1) to further relieve the immunosuppressive tumormicroenvironment, the positive tumoricidal immunity feedback loopwas established to effectively eliminate orthotopic tumors, inhibitabscopal tumor growth, relapse, and metastasis as well as tumor-specificprevention. Collectively, this study demonstrates the potential ofa multipotent LM nanoplatform for personalized ISCVs, which will openfrontier exploration of LM-based immunostimulatory biomaterials andmay encourage further investigation of precise individualized immunotherapy.

Automated summary

This article proposes a strategy of using a multipotent gallium-based liquid metal nanoplatform for personalized in situ cancer vaccines. The nanoplatform can effectively destroy orthotopic tumors and generate autologous antigens upon external energy stimulation. It can also capture and transport antigens into dendritic cells to enhance antigen utilization and facilitate DCs activation, ultimately awakening systemic antitumor immunity.