3.8 Review

tRNA-derived small RNAs: Mechanisms and potential roles in cancers

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A comprehensive expression profile of tRNA-derived fragments in papillary thyroid cancer

Shiting Shan et al.

Summary: This study analyzed the expression of tRFs in Papillary Thyroid Cancer (PTC) tissues and normal tissues, identifying several upregulated and downregulated tRFs. Validation showed that tRF-39 was significantly upregulated and mostly enriched in metabolic pathways. These findings provide a basis for further research on the functional role of tRFs in patients with PTC.

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tRNA(Lys)-Derived Fragment Alleviates Cisplatin-Induced Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells

Changwon Yang et al.

Summary: tRF-315, highly expressed in prostate cancer cells, can prevent cisplatin-induced apoptosis and alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction. By targeting the tumor suppressor gene GADD45A, tRF-315 regulates the cell cycle and protects prostate cancer cells from apoptosis induced by cisplatin.

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Jingyi Wang et al.

Summary: This study identified specific tsRNAs in plasma that could distinguish breast cancer patients from healthy controls, with 6 tsRNAs validated as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for BC. Target genes of these tsRNAs were related to cancer development, indicating their potential clinical utility.

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A 3′ tRNA-derived fragment produced by tRNALeuAAG and tRNALeuTAG is associated with poor prognosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, independently of classical prognostic factors

Katerina Katsaraki et al.

Summary: This study aimed to explore the potential value of a specific 3' tRNA-derived fragment, tRF-Leu(AAG/TAG), as a prognostic and screening biomarker for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). High levels of tRF-Leu(AAG/TAG) were found to be associated with inferior overall survival of B-CLL patients, independently of established prognostic factors. Stratified Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed the unfavorable prognostic role of high levels of tRF-Leu(AAG/TAG) in specific subgroups of B-CLL patients.

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Low expression of tRF-Pro-CGG predicts poor prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Jun Li et al.

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The tRNA-derived fragment 5026a inhibits the proliferation of gastric cancer cells by regulating the PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

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Yijing Shen et al.

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Global profile of tRNA-derived small RNAs in gastric cancer patient plasma and identification of tRF-33-P4R8YP9LON4VDP as a new tumor suppressor

Yijing Shen et al.

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Summary: tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) are a new category of noncoding RNAs with distinct biological functions in cancers and stress-induced diseases. They can regulate cellular processes through different mechanisms, such as participating in posttranscriptional regulation and interfering with translation. The dysregulation of tRFs may have important clinical implications, serving as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various cancers.

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