期刊
JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
卷 85, 期 -, 页码 95-114出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsg.2016.02.003
关键词
Joint zones; Fracture attributes; Fault zone hierarchy; Fracture dimensional parameters; Fluid flow
资金
- Boeing Company through University of Guelph
This paper describes the properties of faults and fractures in the Upper Cretaceous Chatsworth Formation exposed at Santa Susana Field Laboratory and its surroundings (Simi Hills, California), where groundwater flow and contamination have been studied for over three decades. The complex depositional architecture of this turbidite consisting of alternating sandstones and shales, interacting with formative stress conditions are responsible for multi-scale fault hierarchies and permeable fractures in which nearly all groundwater flow occurs. Intensity and distribution of background fractures and their relation to bedding thickness are established for sandstones, the dominant lithology. The architecture of faults with increasing displacement is described, and relationships among fault dimensional parameters captured. Data from similar to 400 boreholes and piezometers reveal the effect of faults and fractures on groundwater flow. Large hydraulic head differences, observed across fault zones with shale-rich cores, indicate these structures as cross-flow barriers. Moreover, hydraulic head profiles under ambient conditions, and pumping tests suggest strong hydraulic connectivity in all directions to depth of hundreds of meters. This outcrop-based structural characterization relates the horizontal hydraulic conductivity to the observed well-connected fracture network, and explains the strong vertical connectivity across low hydraulic conductivity shales as faults and sheared fractures provide flow pathways. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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