Quantification of vertical solid matter transfers in soils during pedogenesis by a multi-tracer approach

Vertical transfer of solid matter in soils (bioturbation and translocation) is responsible for changes in soil properties over time through the redistribution of most of the soil constituents with depth. Such transfers are, however, still poorly quantified. In this study, we examine matter transfer in four eutric Luvisols through an isotopic approach based on Cs-137, Pb-210((xs)), and meteoric Be-10. These isotopes differ with respect to chemical behavior, input histories, and half-lives, which allows us to explore a large time range. Their vertical distributions were modeled by a diffusion-advection equation with depth-dependent parameters. We estimated a set of advection and diffusion coefficients able to simulate all isotope depth distributions and validated the resulting model by comparing the depth distribution of organic carbon (including C-12/13 and C-14 isotopes) and of the 0-2-mu m particles with the data. We showed that (i) the model satisfactorily reproduces the organic carbon, C-13, and C-14 depth distributions, indicating that organic carbon content and age can be explained by transport without invoking depth-dependent decay rates; (ii) translocation partly explains the 0-2-mu m particle accumulation in the Bt horizon; and (iii) estimates of diffusion coefficients that quantify the soil mixing rate by bioturbation are significantly higher for the studied plots than those obtained by ecological studies. This study presents a model capable of satisfactorily reproducing the isotopic profiles of several tracers and simulating the distribution of organic carbon and the translocation of 0-2-mu m particles.