4.7 Review

Zinc in Prostate Health and Disease: A Mini Review

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Review Urology & Nephrology

Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening in Transgender Patients

Farnoosh Nik-Ahd et al.

Summary: The global population of transgender individuals is approximately 0.4-1.3%, and transgender women retain their prostates even after gender-affirmation surgery, requiring ongoing screening for prostate cancer. However, there is limited knowledge about prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in this population.

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Prostate cancer in transgender women: considerations for screening, diagnosis and management

Fionnuala Crowley et al.

Summary: Transgender women undergoing feminization therapy may have a lower risk of developing prostate cancer, but the exact mechanisms are unclear. Due to the low incidence, there are currently no specific screening recommendations. For diagnosed patients, treatment requires an individualized approach and input from reconstructive surgeons.

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Ambient air exposures to arsenic and cadmium and overall and prostate cancer-specific survival among prostate cancer cases in Pennsylvania, 2004 to 2014

Alicia C. McDonald et al.

Summary: The study found that higher ambient air concentrations of arsenic and cadmium were associated with lower overall and prostate cancer-specific survival among prostate cancer cases. These associations were observed in the total population and stratified by geographical region. Reducing exposure to arsenic and cadmium could potentially decrease prostate cancer deaths.

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Review Orthopedics

Feasibility and Safety of Physical Exercise to Preserve Bone Health in Men With Prostate Cancer Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy: A Systematic Review

Maribel Cagliari et al.

Summary: This study investigates the feasibility and safety of exercise programs aimed at preventing accidental falls, fractures, and bone mineral density loss in men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). The results show that multicomponent exercise programs targeting bone health are feasible and safe in this population, suggesting that exercise should be an important part of their lifestyle habits.

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Zinc transporter ZIP12 maintains zinc homeostasis and protects spermatogonia from oxidative stress during spermatogenesis

Xinye Zhu et al.

Summary: The zinc transporter ZIP12 plays a crucial role in maintaining spermatogonia and spermatozoa viability during spermatogenesis by regulating intracellular zinc content and reducing the inhibitory effects of oxidative stress on male fertility.

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Assessment of factors associated with PSA level in prostate cancer cases and controls from three geographical regions

Nishi Karunasinghe et al.

Summary: This study analyzed multiple datasets and found significant associations between prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and demographic, lifestyle, and clinical data. The study also found variability in the correlation of PSA with age and genetic factors among different populations. The findings suggest that unique PSA cut-off thresholds, factored with demographics, lifestyle, and genetics, may be more appropriate for prostate cancer screening.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2022)

Review Andrology

Racial Differences in Prostate Cancer Characteristics and Cancer-Specific Mortality: An Overview

Nobuyuki Hinata et al.

Summary: Racial disparities impact the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer, with significant differences observed among different ethnic groups. African-American men have higher incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer, and are diagnosed at a younger age. Race is considered an important factor to consider when planning active surveillance for prostate cancer.

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Prostate cancer in transgender women: what does a urologist need to know?

Mariana Bertoncelli Tanaka et al.

Summary: The risk of prostate cancer in transgender women who have not undergone gender-affirming hormone therapy or surgery is the same as cis males. For transgender women on hormone therapy or after surgery, the incidence of prostate cancer is lower but diagnosis and treatment is more complex. Future research is needed to develop evidence-based guidelines for managing prostate cancer in transgender women.

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Zinc finger C3H1-type containing serves as a novel prognostic biomarker in human pan-cancer

Wenken Liang et al.

Summary: This study reveals that ZFC3H1 could serve as a novel prognostic biomarker of pan-cancer, especially colorectal cancer. The expression of ZFC3H1 is associated with the prognosis of multiple malignant tumors, and it is highly expressed in colorectal cancer.
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Summary: Male infertility affects approximately 1/10 couples worldwide, with a higher prevalence in developed countries. Semenogelin, a protein found in seminal vesicle secretions, plays a crucial role in fertilization by contributing to sperm motility and capacitation. This review highlights the significant functions of semenogelin and its potential for advanced proteomics research on molecular mechanisms in fertilization.

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Implementing and Evaluating the Impact of BoneRx: A Healthy Bone Prescription for Men with Prostate Cancer Initiating Androgen Deprivation Therapy

Jennifer M. Jones et al.

Summary: Lack of guideline-concordant bone health care is a concern in the population receiving ADT. The implementation of the BoneRx tool improves bone health care and increases patient awareness of healthy bone behaviors.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

p53 and Zinc: A Malleable Relationship

Jeung-Hoi Ha et al.

Summary: In this review, the unique characteristics of p53 among zinc-dependent transcription factors are discussed, including its malleability and the importance of zinc binding. Zinc dysregulation in the cell or presence of mutations can cause p53 to lose zinc and its tumor suppressing activity, but synthetic metallochaperones can restore p53's normal function.

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Zinc finger structure determination by NMR: Why zinc fingers can be a handful

David Neuhaus

Summary: Zinc fingers are protein domains containing one or more tetrahedrally co-ordinated zinc ions that stabilize the structure. They are particularly important for small protein domains to maintain a folded state. Due to difficulties in crystallization, NMR has played a more prominent role in studying zinc finger proteins.

PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY (2022)

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Urinary Zinc and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: Prospective Evidence From the Strong Heart Study

Marta Galvez-Fernandez et al.

Summary: The study investigated the association between urinary zinc levels and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and found that urinary zinc levels were associated with T2DM incidence and prevalence of prediabetes in populations with a high burden of T2DM.

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Smoking is associated with altered serum and hair essential metal and metalloid levels in women

Anatoly V. Skalny et al.

Summary: The study found a significant association between smoking and levels of essential metals and metalloids in women, suggesting that smoking may alter the metabolism of these substances in the body.

FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY (2022)

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Enhanced Succinate Oxidation with Mitochondrial Complex II Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Human Prostate Cancer

Aijun Zhang et al.

Summary: The transformation of prostatic epithelial cells to prostate cancer is associated with metabolic changes and enhanced mitochondrial respiratory flux. Declining mitochondrial zinc concentrations are believed to be the molecular mechanism for this transformation. Indirect evidence based on pre-clinical models, cell lines, and tissue samples has supported the unique metabolic properties of prostate cancer cells, but direct respiratory analysis on fresh human tissue remains difficult.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Strategies for Therapeutic Amelioration of Aberrant Plasma Zn2+ Handling in Thrombotic Disease: Targeting Fatty Acid/Serum Albumin-Mediated Effects

Spencer Regan-Smith et al.

Summary: The actions of Zn2+ in blood plasma are crucial for blood coagulation and are regulated by human serum albumin (HSA) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). Elevated NEFA concentrations, as seen in obesity and diabetes, can lead to dysregulation of plasma Zn2+ binding, resulting in hypercoagulation. Lifestyle changes, dietary modifications, and drugs that affect NEFA levels may help in managing this dysregulation.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Insights Into the Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cancer and its Various Therapeutic Aspects: A Review

Sabeena Mustafa et al.

Summary: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of enzymes that regulate extracellular matrix turnover and play important roles in various physiological processes. In cancer, MMP activity is critical for tumor metastasis and evasion of apoptosis.

FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES (2022)

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Osteoporosis and Bone Health in Transgender Individuals

Charlotte Verroken et al.

Summary: This review discusses the impact of gender-affirming hormonal treatment (GAHT) on bone mass, structure, and metabolism in transgender adults and adolescents. It suggests that GAHT in transgender adults does not result in significant bone loss, while pubertal suppression in transgender adolescents affects bone development, with partial recovery observed after GAHT initiation. However, there is still a research gap in understanding fracture risk and other determinants of bone strength. Attention to bone health is especially important for adult and adolescent trans women, who have a relatively high prevalence of low bone mass before and after long-term GAHT. Strategies to optimize bone health include monitoring treatment compliance, ensuring adequate exposure to sex steroids, physical activity, sufficient vitamin D and calcium intake, and a healthy lifestyle. When risk factors for osteoporosis are present, DXA screening should be conducted with a low threshold, and treatment decisions should follow the same guidelines as the general population.

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Apelin, Omentin-1, and Vaspin in patients with essential hypertension: association of adipokines with trace elements, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative damage markers

Fatma Behice Serinkan Cinemre et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the roles of apelin, omentin-1, and vaspin in essential hypertension, as well as their relationships with pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, trace elements, and oxidative stress. The findings suggest a potential complex interaction between adipokines and cytokines, trace elements, and oxidative stress pathways in the development of hypertension.

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Effects of Dose and Duration of Zinc Interventions on Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Laura M. Pompano et al.

Summary: The study compared the effects of low-dose and long-duration zinc interventions on risk factors for T2D and CVD, finding that these interventions were more beneficial than high-dose and short-duration interventions, with effect sizes being equal or greater.

ADVANCES IN NUTRITION (2021)

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A Systematic Review of the Zinc Content of the Normal Human Prostate Gland

Vladimir Zaichick

Summary: Prostate disorders have complex etiology and differential diagnosis, with zinc level playing a role in carcinogenesis. However, zinc content varies due to factors like age and dietary intake. Further primary studies are recommended due to small sample sizes and high data heterogeneity.

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Assessing Heavy Metal Burden Among Cigarette Smokers and Non-smoking Individuals in Iran: Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis

Mohammad Taghi Shakeri et al.

Summary: This study compared the toxicity of heavy metal levels in the blood of smokers and non-smokers in Birjand, finding that smokers had significantly higher concentrations of thallium, arsenic, manganese, and copper compared to non-smokers. Lead, cadmium, and cobalt were identified as the most critical metals accumulated in the blood of cigarette smokers. Cluster analysis showed a different grouping of elements in the smoker and non-smoker groups, indicating potential health risks associated with heavy metal exposure from smoking.

BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Zinc transporters and their functional integration in mammalian cells

Taiho Kambe et al.

Summary: Zinc is a widely present biological metal with implications for cellular signaling and homeostasis, regulated by zinc transporters in cells. Understanding the molecular functions of zinc transporters can help promote enzymatic reactions, tune cellular responsiveness, and maintain cellular homeostasis.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Oncology

Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

Hyuna Sung et al.

Summary: The global cancer burden in 2020 saw an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths. Female breast cancer surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, while lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death. These trends are expected to rise in 2040, with transitioning countries experiencing a larger increase compared to transitioned countries due to demographic changes and risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to improve cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries will be crucial for global cancer control.

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Manganese(II)-Based Responsive Contrast Agent Detects Glucose- Stimulated Zinc Secretion from the Mouse Pancreas and Prostate by MRI

Sara Chirayil et al.

Summary: The Mn(II)-based zinc-sensitive MRI contrast agent MnPyC3A-BPEN has shown superior kinetic inertness and stability compared to GdDTPA, making it a reliable alternative for detecting glucose-stimulated zinc secretion in the pancreas and prostate.

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Are trace element concentrations suitable biomarkers for the diagnosis of cancer?

Kristina Lossow et al.

Summary: Cancer remains a major cause of death worldwide, and early diagnosis is critical for improved survival rates and treatment success. Studies have shown that cancer patients generally have elevated serum copper levels and diminished zinc levels, with inconsistent changes in selenium and iron levels depending on the type of cancer. Further research is needed to investigate whether these element concentrations can predict the survival probability of cancer patients.

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The Role of the Metzincin Superfamily in Prostate Cancer Progression: A Systematic-Like Review

Marley J. Binder et al.

Summary: The metzincin superfamily plays a significant role in the progression of prostate cancer, with members potentially influencing the disease in both positive and negative ways. Further research is needed to understand their mechanisms of action and how they can be utilized as prognostic indicators or molecular targets.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Association between urinary arsenic, blood cadmium, blood lead, and blood mercury levels and serum prostate-specific antigen in a population-based cohort of men in the United States

Hongke Wu et al.

Summary: Exposure to heavy metals has been linked to prostate cancer risk, but the relationship with serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels is unclear. A study on presumably healthy U.S. men found no significant association between total urinary arsenic, urinary dimethylarsonic acid, blood cadmium, blood lead, and total blood mercury levels and elevated PSA, regardless of race. Further research is needed in a larger cohort to determine the impact of persistent heavy metal exposure.

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Metabolic reprogramming in prostate cancer

Fahim Ahmad et al.

Summary: While low-risk localized prostate cancer has a good prognosis with effective treatments, metastatic prostate cancer remains incurable and treatment resistance is a major issue. Resistance is primarily driven by tumor heterogeneity, altered genetic signatures, and metabolic reprogramming enabling tumors to adapt to drugs. Understanding prostate cancer metabolism may offer insights into therapy-induced adaptive responses and more durable therapeutic outcomes.

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Ischemia-Modified Albumin: Origins and Clinical Implications

Alla Shevtsova et al.

Summary: Albumin is a crucial protein in mammals, with its levels affecting overall homeostasis. Ischemic attacks can lead to changes in albumin properties, producing ischemia-modified albumin (IMA). Evaluating IMA levels through methods like the ACB test is important for clinical diagnosis and monitoring therapeutic efficacy.

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Dietary Phytochemicals in Zinc Homeostasis: A Strategy for Prostate Cancer Management

Chandra K. Singh et al.

Summary: Studies have shown the importance of zinc in prostate biology and functions, with high concentrations in healthy prostates and decreased levels in prostate cancer. Zinc supplementation may not effectively increase zinc concentrations in PCa, possibly due to dysregulation of zinc transporters. Natural dietary phytochemicals may modulate zinc levels and combined with zinc, could potentially inhibit prostate cancer.

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Observational Study of the Association between Air Cadmium Exposure and Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness at Diagnosis among a Nationwide Retrospective Cohort of 230,540 Patients in the United States

Vishwaarth Vijayakumar et al.

Summary: This observational study investigated the association between air cadmium exposure and prostate cancer (PC) aggressiveness in the US. Strong associations were observed in nonmetropolitan, urban areas, indicating potential clinical relevance for further research and public health measures.

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Prostate Health Index and Multiparametric MRI: Partners in Crime Fighting Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment in Prostate Cancer

Matteo Ferro et al.

Summary: The study found that the prostate health index (PHI) outperformed multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) in predicting positive biopsy, while showing comparable performance in identifying high-grade prostate cancer.

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Copper Isotopes and Copper to Zinc Ratio as Possible Biomarkers for Thyroid Cancer

Latifa Sarra Kazi Tani et al.

Summary: Thyroid cancer, the most common endocrine cancer, lacks systematic screening measures, making the search for potential biomarkers crucial. This study identified the potential of Cu isotopes as biomarkers for thyroid cancer and found significant differences in copper and zinc concentrations between patients and healthy controls.

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Zinc finger C3H1 domain-containing protein (ZFC3H1) evaluates the prognosis and treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD): A study based on TCGA data

Hang Huang et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the expression profile of ZFC3H1 in prostate adenocarcinoma using bioinformatic analysis of TCGA datasets. Results showed low ZFC3H1 expression in tumor tissues was associated with poor patient survival in PRAD. Additionally, potential regulatory targets and protein interaction networks of ZFC3H1 were identified, suggesting its role as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target in PRAD.

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Zinc stable isotopes in urine as diagnostic for cancer of secretory organs

Kathrin Schilling et al.

Summary: Breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers alter zinc metabolism, and analysis of urinary zinc concentrations and zinc stable isotope compositions can be used as a non-invasive method to trace malignancy-induced zinc imbalance. Patients with prostate and pancreatic cancer, as well as benign breast disease, show higher urinary zinc concentrations and lower delta Zn-66 compared to healthy controls, while breast cancer patients show undistinguishable zinc stable isotope compositions from the controls.

METALLOMICS (2021)

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Advances of Zinc Signaling Studies in Prostate Cancer

Dangdang Li et al.

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Selenium Supplementation and Prostate Health in a New Zealand Cohort

Nishi Karunasinghe et al.

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Growth Modulatory Role of Zinc in Prostate Cancer and Application to Cancer Therapeutics

Phuong Kim To et al.

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Zinc as a Therapeutic Agent in Bone Regeneration

J. Patrick O'Connor et al.

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Zinc Deficiency in Men Over 50 and Its Implications in Prostate Disorders

Ann Katrin Sauer et al.

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Cu and Zn isotope ratio variations in plasma for survival prediction in hematological malignancy cases

Agustina A. M. B. Hastuti et al.

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Subcellular localised small molecule fluorescent probes to image mobile Zn2+

Le Fang et al.

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Adnan Kirmit et al.

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Rahmi Aslan et al.

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The relationship between zinc intake and cadmium burden is influenced by smoking status

Kijoon Kim et al.

FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY (2019)

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A meta-analysis of zinc levels in breast cancer

Leila Jouybari et al.

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Vitamin D and testosterone co-ordinately modulate intracellular zinc levels and energy metabolism in prostate cancer cells

Polly Zhang et al.

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Rahmat Nosrati et al.

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Zhonglin Cai et al.

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Hanish P. Kodali et al.

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Five threads: How U-shaped thinking weaves together dogs, men, selenium, and prostate cancer risk

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Ayako Fukunaka et al.

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The role of zinc and its compounds in leukemia

Alexey P. Orlov et al.

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ZIP9 but not the androgen receptor mediates testosterone-induced migratory activity of metastatic prostate cancer cells

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Cameron Walker et al.

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Leslie C. Costello et al.

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Zinc transporter ZIP10 forms a heteromer with ZIP6 which regulates embryonic development and cell migration

Kathryn M. Taylor et al.

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Nrf2-ARE-Dependent Alterations in Zinc Transporter mRNA Expression in HepG2 Cells

Takumi Ishida et al.

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Katarzyna B. Handing et al.

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Chandra K. Singh et al.

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Shintaro Hojyo et al.

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Genome-wide association study of toxic metals and trace elements reveals novel associations

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M. H. Eileen Tan et al.

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AR function in promoting metastatic prostate cancer

Michael A. Augello et al.

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Resveratrol-zinc combination for prostate cancer management

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Reaction-based fluorescent sensor for investigating mobile Zn2+ in mitochondria of healthy versus cancerous prostate cells

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Zinc transporter SLC39A10/ZIP10 facilitates antiapoptotic signaling during early B-cell development

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Zinc transporters in prostate cancer

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Zinc Biochemistry: From a Single Zinc Enzyme to a Key Element of Life

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Zinc transporters and cancer: a potential role for ZIP7 as a hub for tyrosine kinase activation

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Expression of the ZNT (SLC30) family members in the epithelium of the mouse prostate during sexual maturation

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Zinc deficiency alters DNA damage response genes in normal human prostate epithelial cells

Michelle Yan et al.

JOURNAL OF NUTRITION (2008)

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Zinc transporter mRNA expression in the RWPE-1 human prostate epithelial cell line

Amy L. Albrecht et al.

BIOMETALS (2008)

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Renty B. Franklin et al.

ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS (2007)

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A new method to estimate quantitatively seminal vesicle and prostate gland contributions to ejaculate

Themba T. Ndovi et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (2007)

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Rajeshwar P. Verma et al.

BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2007)

Review Geriatrics & Gerontology

Zinc-binding proteins (metallothionein and α-2 macroglobulin) and immunosenescence

Eugenio Mocchegiani et al.

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

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Leslie C. Costello et al.

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Binding of zinc cations to human serum γ-globulin

E. E. Babaeva et al.

BULLETIN OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2006)

Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Structure and function of matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs

H Nagase et al.

CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH (2006)

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Counting the zinc-proteins encoded in the human genome

C Andreini et al.

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hZIP1 zinc uptake transporter down regulation and zinc depletion in prostate cancer

Renty B. Franklin et al.

MOLECULAR CANCER (2005)

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Zinc and zinc transporters in normal prostate function and the pathogenesis of prostate cancer

RB Franklin et al.

FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE-LANDMARK (2005)

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Advances in metallothionein structure and functions

M Vasak

JOURNAL OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY (2005)

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Efflux and compartmentalization of zinc by members of the SLC30 family of solute carriers

RD Palmiter et al.

PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY (2004)

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The SLC39 family of metal ion transporters

DJ Eide

PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY (2004)

Review Nutrition & Dietetics

Mammalian zinc transporters

JP Liuzzi et al.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF NUTRITION (2004)

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Zinc supplement use and risk of prostate cancer

MF Leitzmann et al.

JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE (2003)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Interdomain zinc site on human albumin

AJ Stewart et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2003)

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ZnT7, a novel mammalian zinc transporter, accumulates zinc in the Golgi apparatus

CP Kirschke et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2003)

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Functional characterization of a novel mammalian zinc transporter, ZnT6

LP Huang et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2002)

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Osteopenia and male-specific sudden cardiac death in mice lacking a zinc transporter gene, Znt5

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HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS (2002)

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S Küry et al.

NATURE GENETICS (2002)

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Zinc finger proteins as molecular targets for nitric oxide-mediated gene regulation

KD Kröncke

ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING (2001)

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Zinc binding and redox control of p53 structure and function

P Hainaut et al.

ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING (2001)

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The transcription factor MTF-1 mediates metal regulation of the mouse ZnT1 gene

SJ Langmade et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2000)

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Zinc homeostasis in humans

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JOURNAL OF NUTRITION (2000)