Redox flow batteries: Mitigating cross-contamination via bipolar redox-active materials and bipolar membranes

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Artificial Bipolar Redox-Active Molecule for Symmetric Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries

Bin Liu et al.

Summary: The newly synthesized bipolar molecule compound can serve as an electrolyte for nonaqueous organic redox flow batteries, effectively addressing cross-contamination issues, with improved solubility and good cycling performance.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Three-Chamber Design for Aqueous Acid-Base Redox Flow Batteries

Amy S. Metlay et al.

Summary: Aqueous acid-base redox flow batteries utilize pH gradient for increased energy storage capacity. By employing a three-chamber cell design and inserting a cation exchange membrane between the bipolar membrane, stability and cycle life of the battery can be improved. This design also allows the use of highly positive and soluble redox couples.

ACS ENERGY LETTERS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

An Energy-Dense, Powerful, Robust Bipolar Zinc-Ferrocene Redox-Flow Battery

Jian Luo et al.

Summary: In this study, a zinc-ferrocene salt compound was reported as an electrolyte material for energy-dense redox-flow batteries. The electrolyte material exhibited high energy efficiency and power density at high current densities. Additionally, the flow battery demonstrated high energy density and excellent capacity retention.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Blatter Radicals as Bipolar Materials for Symmetrical Redox-Flow Batteries

Jelte S. Steen et al.

Summary: Redox-active organic molecules, such as 1,2,4-benzotriazin-4-yl (Blatter) radicals, show promise as charge-storage materials for redox-flow batteries. This study demonstrates that these radicals have bipolar electrochemistry, allowing for the construction of batteries with symmetrical electrolyte composition. The compounds with a C(3)-CF3 substituent show the least impact from water and exhibit high cycling stability in both static and flow cell systems.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

High-energy and low-cost membrane-free chlorine flow battery

Singyuk Hou et al.

Summary: A reversible chlorine redox flow battery is reported, which starts from the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl electrolyte and stores the produced Cl-2 in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or mineral spirit flow. The battery has a membrane-free design, high energy efficiency, and a large energy density, meeting the price and reliability requirements for stationary energy storage.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Effective Design Strategy of Small Bipolar Molecules through Fused Conjugation toward 2.5 V Based Redox Flow Batteries

Yue Liu et al.

Summary: Using bipolar redox-active molecules (BRMs) is a practical way to tackle the problems in redox-flow batteries. However, finding new molecules and achieving high voltage are still challenging. This study successfully designs a new BRM with high voltage and stability using fused conjugation, providing a universal strategy for designing new BRMs.

ACS ENERGY LETTERS (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Heteropoly acid negolytes for high-power-density aqueous redox flow batteries at low temperatures

Fei Ai et al.

Summary: Researchers report a heteropoly acid electrolyte that enables high-performance aqueous redox flow batteries (ARFBs) at low temperatures, thanks to its exceptionally low freezing point and high conductivity. This electrolyte shows promise in achieving stable and high-power operation of ARFBs in cold climate conditions.

NATURE ENERGY (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Advanced aqueous redox flow batteries design: Ready for long-duration energy storage applications?

Zhejun Li et al.

Summary: This article reviews the critical developments of advanced aqueous redox flow battery technologies and discusses the cell configuration and materials design strategies for long-duration energy storage. Aqueous redox flow batteries have the potential to be ideal candidates for long-duration energy storage due to their high scalability, safety, and power capability.

MRS ENERGY & SUSTAINABILITY (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

In situ electrochemical recomposition of decomposed redox-active species in aqueous organic flow batteries

Yan Jing et al.

Summary: Aqueous organic redox flow batteries can achieve low-cost, long-lifetime energy storage by regenerating the original molecule, 2,6-dihydroxy-anthraquinone, without the need for further structural modifications.

NATURE CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Design principles for water dissociation catalysts in high-performance bipolar membranes

Lihaokun Chen et al.

Summary: This study reveals the important role of electronic conductivity in modulating the performance of water dissociation catalysts in bipolar membranes and finds that ionic conductivity has little effect on performance. Optimized BPM water electrolyzers can efficiently generate oxygen and hydrogen, which may accelerate the deployment of new technologies.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Molecular engineering of dihydroxyanthraquinone-based electrolytes for high-capacity aqueous organic redox flow batteries

Shiqiang Huang et al.

Summary: The authors have developed composite electrolytes that improve the cycling stability and discharge capacity of aqueous organic redox flow batteries, which are promising for large-scale energy storage.+

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Emerging chemistries and molecular designs for flow batteries

Leyuan Zhang et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the recent development of next-generation redox flow batteries, focusing on the emerging redox chemistries of active materials from inorganic to organic. The article discusses electrochemical characterizations, critical performance assessment, and highlights the importance of advanced spectroscopic analysis and computational studies. Furthermore, it outlines the technical requirements for stimulating more exciting research through rational design of innovative materials and electrolytes.

NATURE REVIEWS CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Thianthrene-Based Bipolar Redox-Active Molecules Toward Symmetric All-Organic Batteries

Samuel I. Etkind et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates a novel approach to obtain bipolar redox activity by synthesizing compact, thianthrene-based bifunctional molecules through SNAr and SNAr-type reactions. The potential of these molecules as electrolytes in redox flow batteries was evaluated, showing high stability and capacity retention over multiple cycles.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Development of high-voltage bipolar redox-active organic molecules through the electronic coupling of catholyte and anolyte structures

Jacob S. Tracy et al.

Summary: All-organic non-aqueous redox flow batteries (O-NRFBs) are a promising technology for grid-scale energy storage. However, most high-voltage O-NRFBs suffer from crossover of redox active material, resulting in reduced energy density and capacity. This study presents the development of a new class of bipolar redox active materials for symmetric flow batteries, which shows higher cell voltages than non-coupled building blocks. The superior performance of symmetric O-NRFBs is confirmed by comparing it with an asymmetric flow battery.

CHEMICAL SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence

Multi-objective goal-directed optimization of de novo stable organic radicals for aqueous redox flow batteries

Shree S. Sowndarya et al.

Summary: Advances in goal-directed molecular optimization provide hope for finding feasible candidates for challenging molecular design applications. In this study, a new open-source molecular optimization framework based on AlphaZero coupled with machine learning and quantum chemistry simulations was developed to find stable radical compounds that satisfy redox and stability requirements.

NATURE MACHINE INTELLIGENCE (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Symmetric, Robust, and High-Voltage Organic Redox Flow Battery Model Based on a Helical Carbenium Ion Electrolyte

Jules Moutet et al.

Summary: This study reports the first use of a helical carbocation as the electrolyte for symmetric cells, demonstrating high stability and capacity retention with an open circuit potential of 2.12 V.

ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS (2021)

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Review Electrochemistry

Bipolar Redox-Active Molecules in Non-Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries: Status and Challenges

Min Li et al.

Summary: Recent advances in the development of organic bipolar redox-active molecules for redox-flow batteries have uncovered three main strategies to prepare these molecules. They can be used as both anolyte and catholyte in RFBs, enabling symmetric flow battery design with improved properties. However, developing BRMs that outperform vanadium RFBs remains a challenge.

CHEMELECTROCHEM (2021)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Assessment methods and performance metrics for redox flow batteries

Yanxin Yao et al.

Summary: Redox flow batteries have great potential for large-scale energy storage, but the lack of consistency in testing methods and assessment metrics makes it challenging to compare their performance. This article discusses RFB assessment methods, performance metrics, decay mechanisms, and proposes testing protocols, reporting practices, and comparison criteria under a general framework of symmetric and asymmetric full RFBs.

NATURE ENERGY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Hybrid Electrolyte Engineering Enables Safe and Wide-Temperature Redox Flow Batteries

Leyuan Zhang et al.

Summary: The newly developed hybrid electrolyte chemistry allows for the design of safe and wide-temperature RFBs, showcasing a wide potential window and high ion conductivity while maintaining stability at low temperatures.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Influence of Hydrotropes on the Solubilities and Diffusivities of Redox-Active Organic Compounds for Aqueous Flow Batteries

Yingchi Cheng et al.

Summary: This study explores the use of hydrotropes to increase the aqueous solubility of redox-active compounds in flow batteries. The results show that the solubility of compounds varies with hydrotrope type and concentration, with larger changes at higher concentrations. The presence of a hydrotrope decreases diffusion coefficients of some compounds without altering their electrochemical properties significantly.

ACS OMEGA (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Polypeptide organic radical batteries

Tan P. Nguyen et al.

Summary: The rapid development of lithium-ion batteries has brought substantial benefits to society, but also highlighted ethical and environmental challenges. Organic redox-active materials may offer a potential alternative for sustainable batteries in the future.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Reversible ketone hydrogenation and dehydrogenation for aqueous organic redox flow batteries

Ruozhu Feng et al.

Summary: The research shows that molecular engineering of fluorenone enables alcohol electro-oxidation without the use of a catalyst at room temperature, allowing for reversible ketone hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. Flow batteries based on this technology operate efficiently in a non-demanding environment, exhibiting stable cycling performance at ambient and mildly increased temperatures. This expands the application range of organic active materials and suggests potential for identifying other promising organic redox couple candidates.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

High-Voltage Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries Enabled by Catalyzed Water Dissociation and Acid-Base Neutralization in Bipolar Membranes

Zhifei Yan et al.

Summary: The use of bipolar membrane (BPM)-enabled acid-base redox flow batteries shows potential to increase the open circuit voltage, power density, and efficiency of the battery through coupled ion transport with water dissociation and acid-base neutralization reactions. This new configuration provides insights into catalyzing these processes and may have applications in improving energy storage in related electrochemical devices.

ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Insights and Challenges for Applying Bipolar Membranes in Advanced Electrochemical Energy Systems

Marijn A. Blommaert et al.

Summary: Bipolar membranes (BPMs) are versatile in energy conversion technologies, but current commercial BPMs are not optimized for different applications. Future BPMs require highly conductive layers, fast water dissociation kinetics, long lifetime, and low ion crossover for practical applications.

ACS ENERGY LETTERS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A Self-Trapping, Bipolar Viologen Bromide Electrolyte for Redox Flow Batteries

Wenda Wu et al.

Summary: This study introduces methyl viologen dibromide ([MV]Br-2) as a new type of redox electrolyte material for pH-neutral redox flow batteries, showcasing its efficient bromine complexing ability.

ACS ENERGY LETTERS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Ultrastable aqueous phenazine flow batteries with high capacity operated at elevated temperatures

Jiancong Xu et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the high capacity and extreme stability of propionic-acid-functionalized phenazine (PFP) in Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries (AORFBs) at both room and elevated temperatures, showing promising potential for future energy storage technology in tough conditions with high temperature and strong alkaline solutions.

JOULE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Ferrocene/Phthalimide Ionic Bipolar Redox-Active Molecule for Symmetric Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries

Donghan Xu et al.

Summary: Ionic BROMs based on ferrocene and phthalimide moieties were synthesized to improve the solubility and ionic conductivity, consequently enhancing the stability and cycling performance of NARFB. This work demonstrates a promising molecular engineering strategy to enable the high-current operation and cycling stability of symmetric NARFB.

ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Electrochemical characterization and thermodynamic analysis of TEMPO derivatives in ionic liquids

Luke Wylie et al.

Summary: This study investigated the reversibility of the reduction process of three TEMPO derivatives, with 4-cyano-TEMPO showing high reversibility and TEMPOL demonstrating moderate reversibility. Different ionic liquids had varying effects on the reversibility of the reduction process.

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary