UHPLC-MS Phenolic Fingerprinting, Aorta Endothelium Relaxation Effect, Antioxidant, and Enzyme Inhibition Activities of Azara dentata Ruiz & Pav Berries

Azara dentata Ruiz & Pav. is a small Chilean native plant from Patagonia, a producer of small white reddish berries. For the first time, the proximal analysis of the fruits, phenolic fingerprinting, the antioxidant activity, and the enzymatic inhibition and relaxation effects in rat aorta induced by the ethanolic extract of these fruits were investigated. The proximal composition and the mineral (Ca: 2434 +/- 40 mg/kg; Mg: 702 +/- 13 mg/kg; Fe: 117.1 +/- 1.6 mg/kg; Zn: 16.1 +/- 0.4 mg/kg) and heavy metal (As: 121 +/- 11 mu g/kg; Cd: 152 +/- 5 mu g/kg; Hg: 7.7 +/- 1.3 mu g/kg; Pb 294 +/- 4 mu g/kg) contents were analyzed. Anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and coumarins were identified using UHPLC-PDA-QTOF-MS. The ethanolic extracts showed a total phenolic content of 23.50 +/- 0.93 mg GAE/g extract. In addition, the antioxidant activity was assessed using both DPPH and TEAC (28.64 +/- 1.87 and 34.72 +/- 2.33 mg Trolox/g of dry fruit, respectively), FRAP (25.32 +/- 0.23 mg Trolox equivalent/g dry fruit), and ORAC (64.95 +/- 1.23 mg Trolox equivalents/g dry fruit). The inhibition of enzymatic activities (acetylcholinesterase IC50: 2.87 + 0.23 mu g extract/mL, butyrylcholinesterase IC50: 6.73 + 0.07 mu g extract/mL, amylase IC50: 5.6 +/- 0.0 mu g extract/mL, lipase IC50: 30.8 +/- 0.0 mu g extract/mL, and tyrosinase IC50: 9.25 +/- 0.15 mu g extract/mL) was also assessed. The extract showed 50-60% relaxation in rat aorta (intact), mediated thorough the release of endothelial nitric oxide. Our results suggest that A. dentata is a good source of compounds with the capacity to inhibit important enzymes, can be hypotensive, and can thus have good potentiality as supplements in the amelioration of neurodegenerative diseases and could also have potential to be used to develop new functional foods. The study highlights the benefits of these neglected small fruits and could boost their consumption.

Automated summary

This study investigated the proximal analysis, phenolic fingerprinting, antioxidant activity, and enzymatic inhibition and relaxation effects of Azara dentata Ruiz & Pav. in rat aorta. The fruits of this plant exhibited high mineral and heavy metal contents, as well as significant amounts of anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and coumarins. The ethanolic extracts showed strong antioxidant activity and inhibited important enzymes, while also inducing relaxation in rat aorta through the release of endothelial nitric oxide.