Gut Microbiota-MicroRNA Interactions in Intestinal Homeostasis and Cancer Development

Pre-clinical models and clinical studies highlight the significant impact of the host-microbiota relationship on cancer development and treatment, supporting the emerging trend for a microbiota-based approach in clinical oncology. Importantly, the presence of polymorphic microbes is considered one of the hallmarks of cancer. The epigenetic regulation of gene expression by microRNAs affects crucial biological processes, including proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and cell death. Recent evidence has documented the existence of bidirectional gut microbiota-microRNA interactions that play a critical role in intestinal homeostasis. Importantly, alterations in microRNA-modulated gene expression are known to be associated with inflammatory responses and dysbiosis in gastrointestinal disorders. In this review, we summarize the current findings about miRNA expression in the intestine and focus on specific gut microbiota-miRNA interactions linked to intestinal homeostasis, the immune system, and cancer development. We discuss the potential clinical utility of fecal miRNA profiling as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in colorectal cancer, and demonstrate how the emerging trend of gut microbiota modulation, together with the use of personalized microRNA therapeutics, might bring improvements in outcomes for patients with gastrointestinal cancer in the era of precision medicine.

Automated summary

Pre-clinical models and clinical studies have shown that the host-microbiota relationship has a significant impact on cancer development and treatment, leading to the emergence of a microbiota-based approach in clinical oncology. Polymorphic microbes are considered a hallmark of cancer, and microRNAs play a crucial role in gene expression regulation. Bidirectional gut microbiota-microRNA interactions have been found to be important for intestinal homeostasis and are associated with inflammatory responses and dysbiosis in gastrointestinal disorders. This review summarizes the current understanding of miRNA expression in the intestine, with a focus on gut microbiota-miRNA interactions related to intestinal homeostasis, the immune system, and cancer development. The potential clinical utility of fecal miRNA profiling as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in colorectal cancer is discussed, as well as the potential of gut microbiota modulation and personalized microRNA therapeutics in improving outcomes for patients with gastrointestinal cancer in the era of precision medicine.