Cryptococcal Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: From Clinical Studies to Animal Experiments

Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated pathogenic fungus that initially infects the lung but can migrate to the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in meningoencephalitis. The organism causes the CNS infection primarily in immunocompromised individuals including HIV/AIDS patients, but also, rarely, in immunocompetent individuals. In HIV/AIDS patients, limited inflammation in the CNS, due to impaired cellular immunity, cannot efficiently clear a C. neoformans infection. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can rapidly restore cellular immunity in HIV/AIDS patients. Paradoxically, ART induces an exaggerated inflammatory response, termed immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), in some HIV/AIDS patients co-infected with C. neoformans. A similar excessive inflammation, referred to as post-infectious inflammatory response syndrome (PIIRS), is also frequently seen in previously healthy individuals suffering from cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Cryptococcal IRIS and PIIRS are life-threatening complications that kill up to one-third of affected people. In this review, we summarize the inflammatory responses in the CNS during HIV-associated cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. We overview the current understanding of cryptococcal IRIS developed in HIV/AIDS patients and cryptococcal PIIRS occurring in HIV-uninfected individuals. We also describe currently available animal models that closely mimic aspects of cryptococcal IRIS observed in HIV/AIDS patients.

Automated summary

Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic fungus that can cause lung infection and migrate to the central nervous system, resulting in meningoencephalitis. It primarily infects immunocompromised individuals, including HIV/AIDS patients, but can also rarely affect immunocompetent individuals. Treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV/AIDS patients can lead to an exaggerated inflammatory response called immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) when co-infected with C. neoformans. Similarly, healthy individuals can also experience an excessive inflammatory response known as post-infectious inflammatory response syndrome (PIIRS) after contracting cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Cryptococcal IRIS and PIIRS are life-threatening complications that can result in death for up to one-third of affected individuals.