Genetic Parameters for Functional Longevity, Type Traits, and Production in the Serbian Holstein

Simple Summary Quantitative characteristics of animals such as traits of productivity, reproduction, physical development, longevity, etc. are influenced by many genes, of which each individual gene has a small effect on the overall expression. There are small differences between these genes, and the number of gene combinations in the group is large, which affects the continuous variability of quantitative traits. These traits are also significantly influenced by non-genetic factors that modify their final expression. The evaluation of genetic parameters (heritability and genetic correlations) of quantitative traits is of crucial interest for breeders, and therefore, these parameters are the main imperative in selection. The genetic progress of quantitative traits is achieved by increasing the accuracy of the assessment of genetic variance and selection accuracy, which depends, among other things, on the estimated genetic correlations between the selected traits. The goal of this research was to evaluate genetic variances and covariances of milk yield, longevity, and type traits of the Holstein breed in Serbia in order to assess their role in practical breeding as well as the importance of genetic parameters in setting and revising already existing breeding goals and selection programs. In this study, the authors focused on the evaluation of the genetic parameters of longevity, milk yield traits, and type traits in dairy cattle populations in the Republic of Serbia. The total dataset used consisted of production records and pedigree data for 32,512 Holstein cows that calved from 1981 to 2015. The animal model was applied to determine the variance and covariance components and genetic parameters of the analyzed traits by applying the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) approach and using the programs VCE6 and PEST. The heritability of longevity traits was estimated using the Survival Kit V6.0 software package. Variance and covariance were estimated for five production traits: milk yield (MY), fat yield (FY), protein yield (PY), milk fat content (MC), and protein content (PC), and three longevity traits: length of productive life (LPL), lifetime milk yield (LMY), and the number of lactations achieved (NL) as well as for 18 standard type traits. Heritabilities for the milk, fat, and protein yield traits were 0.20 (MY), 0.15 (FY), and 0.19 (PY), respectively. The estimated coefficients of heritability for the longevity traits were higher when using the Weibull proportional hazards model compared to the traditional linear methods and ranged from 0.08 for NL to 0.10 for LPL. Heritability values for the type traits varied from a low of 0.10 (RLSsv-rear legs set-side view) to medium values of 0.32 (ST-stature). Genetic correlations were found between MY and the following longevity traits: LPL, LMY, and NL with values of -0.18, -0.11, and -0.09, respectively. Genetic correlations were found between MY and a number of linear type traits and varied from 0.02 (between MY and RUH-rear udder height) to 0.28 (between MY and FUA-fore udder attachment). Genetic correlations between the 18 investigated type traits ranged from -0.33 between TL (top line) and RTP (rear teats position) to 0.71 between AN (angularity) and RUH (rear udder height). Genetic correlations between most linear type traits and longevity traits (LPL, LMY, and NL) were generally negative and very low. The highest positive genetic correlation was found between UD and LPL (r(xy) = 0.38).

Automated summary

The quantitative characteristics of animals are influenced by multiple genes with small individual effects and non-genetic factors. Evaluating the genetic parameters of these traits is crucial for breeders. This study focused on the genetic parameters of longevity, milk yield, and type traits in Holstein cows in Serbia. Heritability values and genetic correlations were estimated using the animal model and restricted maximum likelihood approach.