Effect of Rice Protein Meal Replacement of Fish Meal on Growth, Anti-Oxidation Capacity, and Non-Specific Immunity for Juvenile Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Simple Summary Fishmeal is the most important source of protein in aquafeeds. In recent years, declining fishery resources and increasing demand have led to a shortage of fishmeal resources. It is crucial to find a low-cost, high-quality protein source to replace fishmeal in order to ensure the sustainable development of aquaculture. Rice protein meal is a high-quality plant protein with high protein and fat content and is relatively balanced amino acid content. In the present study, an experiment was carried out to replace fishmeal with rice protein meal in the feed of Litopenaeus vannamei. The results showed that it was possible to replace fishmeal with 10% rice protein in a feed containing 20% fishmeal without adversely affecting the growth of Litopenaeus vannamei and to some extent improving the immunity of the organism. In addition, the replacement of 10% fishmeal with rice protein meal significantly improves the promotion of digestibility, protein synthesis, antioxidant capacity, and disease resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei. This study assessed the effect of rice protein meal replacement for fish meal on the growth, nonspecific immunity, and disease resistance on juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Six groups of iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipid feeds named FM, R10, R20, R40, R60, and R80 were prepared by replacing 0%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% in FM protein with RPM, respectively, and then fed to the shrimps (0.54 +/- 0.01 g). An amount of 720 healthy and evenly sized shrimps were allocated to six groups (three replicates per group) and fed four times a day (7:00, 11:00, 17:00 and 21:00) for eight weeks. Results revealed no significant differences in WG, FCR, and SGR of shrimps after replacing FM with 10% RPM (p > 0.05). In the R10 and R20 groups, SOD and T-AOC activities were significantly higher than those in the FM group, whereas the opposite was observed for MDA content (p < 0.05). CAT, ACP, and LZM were all significantly higher in the R10, R20, and R40 groups than in the FM group (p < 0.05). GSH-Px activity in the R10 group was significantly higher than the activity in the FM group (p < 0.05). AKP, PO, TYS, GPT, and GOT activities were significantly higher in the R10 group than in the FM group (p < 0.05). Compared to the FM group, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3K (eif3k) gene was significantly up-regulated in the R10 group, whereas the penaiedin 3a (pen 3a) and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (alf) genes were significantly up-regulated in the R10 and R20 groups (p < 0.05). The crustin a (cru a), immune deficiency (imd), and lysozyme (lzm) mRNA levels were significantly higher in the R10, R20, and R40 groups than in the other groups (p < 0.05). The prophenoloxidase (PO) mRNA levels in the R20 group were significantly higher than those in the FM group (p < 0.05). The replacement of 10-40% of FM with RPM improved the gut flora composition of shrimps, increasing beneficial bacteria (Bacteroidetes) abundance and reducing harmful bacteria (Aspergillus and Vibrio) abundance. After the challenge test of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (7 days), the cumulative mortality in the R10 group significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, replacement of 10% FM by RPM significantly improved digestibility, protein synthesis, antioxidant capacity, and disease resistance in L. vannamei.

Automated summary

Fishmeal is an important protein source in aquafeeds, but there is a shortage of resources. Rice protein meal has been found to be a good alternative, with the ability to replace 10% of fishmeal in shrimp feed without adverse effects on growth. In fact, it can improve the immunity and other health indicators of the shrimp. Additionally, the replacement of fishmeal with rice protein meal improves digestibility, protein synthesis, antioxidant capacity, and disease resistance in Litopenaeus vannamei.