Vascular Distribution and Expression Patterns of Angiogenic Factors in Caruncle during the Early Stage of Pregnancy in Goats (Capra hircus)

Simple Summary Placental blood circulation is the carrier of material exchange, which affects successful pregnancy and fetal development. Placental angiogenesis is very important for the embryo implantation, normal growth and development of the fetus, and animal reproductive performance, but its regulatory mechanism is very complex. In this study, we investigated the relationship between vascular distribution and the expression and methylation patterns of major angiogenic factors in the goat caruncle during the early stage of pregnancy. This research aimed to better understand the genetic mechanism of animal reproductive performance differences and the molecular mechanism of caruncle angiogenesis. The placenta is a temporary maternal-fetal organ, and its maternal placenta (caruncle) is essential for fetal growth and development. The exchange function of the placenta requires vascular development (angiogenesis). However, the angiogenesis of the caruncle is poorly understood in goats during the early stage of pregnancy. Here, we investigated the vascular distribution, mRNA expression of major angiogenic factors, and the methylation levels of ANGPT2 in the goat caruncle. It showed that CAD (capillary area density), CSD (capillary surface density), and APC (area per capillary) increased gradually, while CND (capillary number density) showed an insignificant change, probably due to the variability between animals. The proportion of proliferating cells was observed to be very high (>26%) and increased (p < 0.002) approximately 2-fold from day 20 to 60 of pregnancy. Furthermore, the expression patterns of major angiogenic factors changed during the early stage of pregnancy. Interestingly, we discovered an absolute correlation between the mRNA for ANGPT2, TEK, FGF2, and vascular distribution. Subsequently, we evaluated the DNA methylation of ANGPT2, where we found that mean methylation was negatively correlated with CAD. The methylation at the CpG sites, such as CpG 4/18, CpG 9.10.11, and CpG 15, showed significant changes during the early stage of pregnancy. Thus, our findings suggest that the methylation of ANGPT2 may be involved in the regulation of caruncle angiogenesis during the early stage of pregnancy.

Automated summary

This study investigated the relationship between vascular distribution and the expression and methylation patterns of major angiogenic factors in the goat caruncle during early pregnancy. The results showed that vascular density and area increased gradually, and cell proliferation rate also increased. The expression patterns of angiogenic factors changed, and the methylation levels of ANGPT2 were negatively correlated with vascular density. These findings suggest that methylation may be involved in the regulation of caruncle angiogenesis in early pregnancy in goats.