4.7 Review

Extracellular Vesicles for Dental Pulp and Periodontal Regeneration

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Summary: In this study, Goss et al. explore the diagnostic potential of male reproductive small extracellular vesicles (S-EVs) and the practical approaches of implementing point-of-need and multianalyte diagnostics in infertility treatment. They find that S-EVs have the potential to influence sperm physiology therapeutically and diagnostically. However, the isolation of pure populations of S-EVs from bodily fluids with current conventional methods presents a substantial hurdle. Microfluidic technology has the potential to simplify and improve S-EV isolation and detection.

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Apoptotic extracellular vesicles are metabolized regulators nurturing the skin and hair

Lan Ma et al.

Summary: Over 300 billion cells die every day, producing endogenous apoptotic extracellular vesicles (apoEVs). This study discovers that a portion of exogenous apoEVs is metabolized in the integumentary skin and hair follicles. The migration of apoEVs is influenced by treadmill exercise and tail suspension. Exogenous apoEVs promote wound healing and hair growth by activating the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. This research reveals a new metabolic pathway of apoEVs and suggests their potential therapeutic applications in skin and hair disorders.

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Apoptotic vesicles ameliorate lupus and arthritis via phosphatidylserine-mediated modulation of T cell receptor signaling

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Treatment of inflammatory bone loss in periodontitis by stem cell-derived exosomes

Fengzhen Lei et al.

Summary: Exosomes secreted by healthy periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) promote osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs derived from periodontitis tissue. Treatment with exosomes can accelerate bone formation in rat models of periodontitis. Mechanistically, exosomes suppress over-activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to recover the osteogenic differentiation capacity of inflammatory PDLSCs. These findings suggest that MSC-derived exosomes are an effective and practical cell-free therapeutic for the treatment of periodontitis.

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The Application of Pulp Tissue Derived-Exosomes in Pulp Regeneration: A Novel Cell-Homing Approach

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Dental stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as promising therapeutic agents in the treatment of diseases

Ye Li et al.

Summary: Dental stem cells (DSCs) are an important source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and have been used for the treatment of various diseases. The therapeutic effects of DSCs are attributed to their extracellular vesicles (DSC-EVs), which carry bioactive contents and have therapeutic potential. This review provides insights into the therapeutic effects of DSC-EVs and highlights challenges and future directions for their clinical translation.

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Matrix vesicles from dental follicle cells improve alveolar bone regeneration via activation of the PLC/PKC/MAPK pathway

Genzheng Yi et al.

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Engineered Delivery of Dental Stem-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration

Jana Zarubova et al.

Summary: A delivery platform for small extracellular vesicles derived from gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) has been developed to treat periodontitis, showing potential clinical applications in promoting regeneration of damaged periodontal tissues.

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Article Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine

Exosomes derived from stem cells from the apical papilla alleviate inflammation in rat pulpitis by upregulating regulatory T cells

Si Yu et al.

Summary: This study aims to evaluate the effects of exosomes derived from stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP-Exos) on experimentally induced pulpitis in rats and the conversion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vitro. The results show that SCAP-Exos promoted Treg conversion and alleviated inflammation in dental pulp.

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Apoptotic vesicles activate autophagy in recipient cells to induce angiogenesis and dental pulp regeneration

Zihan Li et al.

Summary: In this study, the researchers found that apoptotic cell-derived extracellular vesicles (apoVs) were ingested by endothelial cells (ECs) and elevated the expression of angiogenesis-related genes, leading to pulp revascularization and tissue regeneration.

MOLECULAR THERAPY (2022)

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Therapeutically harnessing extracellular vesicles

Lesley Cheng et al.

Summary: The field of extracellular vesicle (EV) research has rapidly developed and is now recognized for its potential in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases. This article provides an overview of the characteristics and physiological functions of EVs, their association with diseases, and the strategies for their therapeutic exploitation.

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Small extracellular vesicles from dental follicle stem cells provide biochemical cues for periodontal tissue regeneration

Liya Ma et al.

Summary: This study investigates the potential of DFSCs-sEVs in regenerating damaged periodontal tissue. The results show that DFSCs-sEVs promoted the proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs, potentially through the activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. DFSCs-sEVs provide a novel strategy for periodontal regeneration.

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Microparticles: biogenesis, characteristics and intervention therapy for cancers in preclinical and clinical research

Yan Hu et al.

Summary: This article reviews the subtype of extracellular vesicles (EVs) called microparticles (MPs), which function as delivery vectors for bioactive antitumor compounds. MPs, with their unique antitumor functionalities, have gained interest for their potential use in therapeutic vaccines and direct antitumor agents. The mechanisms underlying MP biogenesis, factors that influence MP production, properties of MP membranes, size, composition, and isolation methods are discussed. Additionally, the applications, mechanisms of action, and main hurdles for MP use in cancer management are introduced.

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Extracellular Vesicles From TNFα Preconditioned MSCs: Effects on Immunomodulation and Bone Regeneration

Miya Kang et al.

Summary: Mesenchymal stem cells respond to external cues and change their behavior. The immunomodulatory properties of MSCs are well-documented, and their secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in this process. The study found that TNF alpha can enhance the immunomodulatory properties of MSC EVs, leading to reduced inflammation and enhanced bone formation.

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Exosomes Derived From Human Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate the Inflammatory Response in Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells

Jiayao Sun et al.

Summary: This study aimed to explore the effects of exosomes derived from human gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSC-Exo) on the inflammatory response of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) in an inflammatory microenvironment. The study found that GMSC-Exo attenuated the inflammatory response of PDLSCs by regulating the expression of NF-kappa B signaling and Wnt5a.

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Extracellular vesicles: Emerging tools as therapeutic agent carriers

Shan Liu et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important carriers in cell-to-cell communication, transferring substances such as DNA and RNA to recipient cells. EVs, with excellent biocompatibility and stability, can be used as therapeutic carriers for signal transduction, immunoregulation, and other therapeutic effects. This review summarizes the classification, isolation, and characterization strategies of EVs, and highlights recent advances in the application of EV therapeutics in in vitro research, in vivo animal models, and clinical settings.

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Shenmin Xie et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles, specifically exosomes, are nanoscale membrane vesicles released by cells and have the potential to uncover unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms in intercellular communication and disease. They are effective drug delivery systems and display complexity in their formation, release, and bioengineering.

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Xiaoyan Li et al.

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Therapeutic Strategy of Mesenchymal-Stem-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Regenerative Medicine

Yasunari Matsuzaka et al.

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Extracellular Vesicles for Immunomodulation in Tissue Regeneration

Kaichao Zhang et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) possess potent immunomodulatory abilities and show great therapeutic potential for tissue repair and regeneration through immune modulation. The development of engineering technology provides a feasible tool for optimizing the performance of natural EVs. This review outlines the features of EVs and the construction strategies of engineered EVs, as well as the immunomodulation effects of both natural and engineered EVs. The applications of EV-based therapies for tissue regeneration, with a particular emphasis on immune system modulation, are highlighted.

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Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for immunomodulation and regeneration: a next generation therapeutic tool?

Meng Kou et al.

Summary: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have paracrine effects in therapy, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in intercellular communication. MSC-EVs have potential therapeutic applications and play an important role in fibrosis treatment and tissue repair.

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Practical Considerations for Translating Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles from Bench to Bed

Pauline Po Yee Lui et al.

Summary: This review discusses the general and tissue-specific considerations for manufacturing MSC-EVs for clinical translation in the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries, including GMP-compliant manufacturing and quality control, safety and efficacy issues, and compatibility with arthroscopy.

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Proteomic analysis of MSC-derived apoptotic vesicles identifies Fas inheritance to ameliorate haemophilia a via activating platelet functions

Xiao Zhang et al.

Summary: This study compared the characteristics and functions of apoptotic vesicles (apoVs) and exosomes derived from different sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The results revealed unique protein compositions and specific enrichment of proteins in apoVs, which can serve as biomarkers. Additionally, apoVs exhibited therapeutic effects in treating haemophilia A through a specific Fas/FasL linkage mechanism.

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The potential applications of microparticles in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of lung cancer

Yu Liu et al.

Summary: Microparticles (MPs) are submicron membranous vesicles derived from various cell types that contain bioactive chemicals and surface receptors, which play important roles in cell-to-cell communication. MPs in the tumor microenvironment can influence tumor progression through their interactions with receptors. MPs provide diverse biomolecular information and have potential applications as biomarkers for lung cancer risk assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, and surveillance. They can also be used as drug carriers and cancer vaccines.

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Extracellular Vesicles in Tissue Engineering: Biology and Engineered Strategy

Ziyin Pan et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles are important in tissue engineering for intercellular communication, promoting signal delivery in regeneration processes. Using bioactive carriers to extend EV retention time and achieve controlled release enhances their therapeutic effectiveness in tissue regeneration.

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Composition, Biogenesis, and Role of Exosomes in Tumor Development

Leila Moeinzadeh et al.

Summary: Exosomes and their mechanism of action at the tumor site have gained increasing attention. These microvesicles are produced by various cells, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and immune cells. Tumor cells release large amounts of exosomes, which can spread to distant organs through the blood and enhance the possibility of tumor metastasis. The effects of exosomes on tumors vary depending on the tumor type and cell source.

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Hai Zhao et al.

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Extracellular vesicles delivering nuclear factor I/C for hard tissue engineering: Treatment of apical periodontitis and dentin regeneration

Shengyan Yang et al.

Summary: This study reveals the impact of apical periodontitis on tooth root development and the underlying mechanism of impaired odontoblastic differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla. The study also develops a novel strategy for dentin regeneration using a nuclear factor I/C-encapsulated extracellular vesicle.

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Exosomes derived from lipopolysaccharide-preconditioned human dental pulp stem cells regulate Schwann cell migration and differentiation

Jiabei Li et al.

Summary: This study found that exosomes from human dental pulp stem cells can promote the proliferation, migration, and odontogenic differentiation of Schwann cells. Exosomes pre-treated with LPS showed better capability in regulating Schwann cells migration and odontogenic differentiation compared to untreated exosomes.

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Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Promote Periodontal Regeneration

Li Liu et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (BMSC-sEVs) can promote periodontal tissue regeneration through modulation of various signaling pathways and cell functions.

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Exosomes from TNF-α-treated human gingiva-derived MSCs enhance M2 macrophage polarization and inhibit periodontal bone loss

Yuki Nakao et al.

Summary: Preconditioning gingival tissue-derived MSCs (GMSCs) with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) enhances the secretion of exosomes and the expression of CD73, promoting antiinflammatory M2 macrophage polarization. GMSC-derived exosomes exhibit significant ability to regulate inflammation and osteoclastogenesis, providing a potential therapeutic approach for periodontitis. The findings suggest a promising strategy for treating inflammatory osteoimmune disorders using TNF-alpha-preconditioned GMSC-derived exosomes.

ACTA BIOMATERIALIA (2021)

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Bacterial Invasion of Pulp Blood Vessels in Teeth with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis

Domenico Ricucci et al.

Summary: Teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis showed severe acute inflammation, necrosis, and bacterial infection in the pulp chamber. Bacterial invasion and colonization were observed in all teeth with caries exposure, suggesting a significant role in bacterial spread through the pulp tissue.

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Reparative Dentin Formation by Dentin Matrix Proteins and Small Extracellular Vesicles

Bo Wen et al.

Summary: Dental pulp tissue is crucial for maintaining teeth stability and health, and damaged pulp tissue can affect normal dental functioning. Recent studies have shown that a combination of treated dentin matrix proteins and dental pulp cell-derived small extracellular vesicles has positive effects on pulp-dentin complex repair.

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Umbilical Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosome-Encapsulated Hydrogels Accelerate Bone Repair by Enhancing Angiogenesis

Yuntong Zhang et al.

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Extracellular vesicles for tissue repair and regeneration: Evidence, challenges and opportunities

Anika Nagelkerke et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biological nanoparticles secreted by cells that act as delivery vehicles for molecular messages, showing potential as therapeutic mediators for various diseases. EVs have regenerative properties and can mediate signaling cascades in target cells to achieve functional outcomes in tissue repair and regeneration. Their interactions and biodistribution in vivo, especially when combined with biomaterials, influence their regenerative effects, with progress being made towards successful implementation of EV regenerative therapies in a clinical setting.

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The Role of Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Lipopolysaccharide-preconditioned Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells in Dental Pulp Regeneration

Wen-Jin Chen et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that LPS-preconditioned sEVs can enhance the proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, leading to structurally improved regenerated tissue similar to normal dental pulp in vivo. These findings suggest that LPS-preconditioned sEVs play a significant role in dental pulp regeneration.

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Exploring a Chemotactic Role for EVs from Progenitor Cell Populations of Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth for Promoting Migration of Naive BMSCs in Bone Repair Process

Lin Luo et al.

Summary: This study examined the potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth mesenchymal progenitor cell populations in mobilizing naive bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs). Results showed that EVs from different culturing times had an impact on the migratory efficiency of BMSCs, but the migration of BMSCs driven by different EV groups did not exhibit statistical significance.

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Exosomes from LPS-Stimulated hDPSCs Activated the Angiogenic Potential of HUVECs In Vitro

Xiangyu Huang et al.

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Extracellular Vesicles: An Emerging Regenerative Treatment for Oral Disease

Fanzhen He et al.

Summary: Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are important regulators of intercellular communication, playing a crucial role in the occurrence and prognosis of oral diseases. They have been shown to have a significant impact on oral tissue regeneration, including dental pulp, periodontal tissue, cartilage, and bone.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2021)

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Separation, characterization, and standardization of extracellular vesicles for drug delivery applications

Dominik Buschmann et al.

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SHED aggregate exosomes shuttled miR-26a promote angiogenesis in pulp regeneration via TGF-β/SMAD2/3 signalling

Meiling Wu et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that SHED aggregate-derived exosomes significantly improved pulp tissue regeneration and angiogenesis by regulating miR-26a and the TGF-beta/SMAD2/3 signaling pathway to enhance vascular formation in SHED and HUVECs.

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Functional Dental Pulp Regeneration: Basic Research and Clinical Translation

Zhuo Xie et al.

Summary: Treatment of pulpal and periapical diseases faces challenges, but significant progress has been made in achieving true pulp tissue regeneration through technologies such as stem cells, biomaterials, and growth factors.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Quantitative proteomics identifies the core proteome of exosomes with syntenin-1 as the highest abundant protein and a putative universal biomarker

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Si-Jia Sun et al.

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Apoptotic vesicles restore liver macrophage homeostasis to counteract type 2 diabetes

Chenxi Zheng et al.

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