The beam transport system for the Small Quantum Systems instrument at the European XFEL: optical layout and first commissioning results

Article Physics, Multidisciplinary

X-ray multiphoton-induced Coulomb explosion images complex single molecules

Rebecca Boll et al.

Summary: Intense femtosecond X-ray pulses can visualize the structural dynamics of exploding photoionized molecules, providing important insights into chemical reactions.

NATURE PHYSICS (2022)

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Article Optics

High-temporal-resolution X-ray spectroscopy with free-electron and optical lasers

Daniel E. Rivas et al.

Summary: In this study, we demonstrate ultrafast X-ray spectroscopies for pump/probe experiments with high temporal and spectral resolution, without the need for additional photon arrival-time monitors.

OPTICA (2022)

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Article Instruments & Instrumentation

The soft X-ray monochromator at the SASE3 beamline of the European XFEL: from design to operation

N. Gerasimova et al.

Summary: This article presents the design and performance of the SASE3 grating monochromator at the European XFEL's SASE3 soft X-ray beamline. The monochromator is designed to control both photon energy and temporal resolution, which is demanding due to the unique capability of a free-electron laser source. The current realization of the SASE3 monochromator is discussed, including the use of two gratings with different resolving powers for different experimental needs.

JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION (2022)

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Article Physics, Multidisciplinary

X-ray diffractive imaging of highly ionized helium nanodroplets

Alexandra J. Feinberg et al.

Summary: By using multiply charged He nanodroplets and X-ray coherent diffractive imaging with Xe as a contrast agent, the physical realization of finding the lowest energy configuration of N unit charges on a sphere, known as Thomson's problem, has been achieved. Unique lattice-like structures of Xe clusters condensing on charges on the surface of charged droplets introduce He droplets as experimental model systems for the study of Thomson's problem.

PHYSICAL REVIEW RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Physics, Multidisciplinary

Coulomb explosion imaging of small polyatomic molecules with ultrashort x-ray pulses

X. Li et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that Coulomb-explosion imaging with ultrashort x-ray pulses is a promising technique for determining the three-dimensional geometry of polyatomic systems by measuring ion momenta.

PHYSICAL REVIEW RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Optics

Resonance-enhanced x-ray multiple ionization of a polyatomic molecule

X. Li et al.

Summary: This study reports on the observation of resonance effects in molecule CH3I induced by intense x-ray pulses, leading to photon-energy-dependent shift of resonance-induced structures in ion charge state distributions. By comparing the ion charge state distribution of CH3I with that from ionization of atomic xenon, molecule-specific features attributed to ultrafast intramolecular charge rearrangement were observed. Additionally, the study experimentally demonstrates that charge-rearrangement-enhanced x-ray ionization of molecules also plays a role in the soft x-ray regime, previously identified with hard x rays.

PHYSICAL REVIEW A (2022)

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Article Optics

Timing and X-ray pulse characterization at the Small Quantum Systems instrument of the European X-ray Free Electron Laser

Patrik Grychtol et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the initial characterization of pump-probe performance at the Small Quantum Systems (SQS) instrument of the European X-ray Free Electron Laser, showcasing time-resolved experiments using X-ray/optical cross-correlation. By applying time-of-arrival corrections based on simultaneous spectral encoding measurements, the temporal resolution of the experiment is significantly improved, paving the way for ultrafast pump-probe investigations of gaseous media at the SQS instrument.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2021)

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Article Physics, Multidisciplinary

Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization in the X-Ray Regime

Aaron C. LaForge et al.

Summary: In this study, nonlinear ionization of argon atoms in the short wavelength regime using ultraintense x rays from the European XFEL is reported. A new two-color resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization process was discovered.

PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS (2021)

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Article Optics

Simple model for sequential multiphoton ionization by ultraintense x rays

Xiang Li et al.

Summary: A simple model for sequential multiphoton ionization by ultraintense x rays is presented in this study. The ion yield increases according to the power-law behavior typical of multiphoton ionization and saturates at high pulse energies. The calculated average time interval between ionizations for producing ions at a certain charge state is found to be proportional to the pulse duration and independent of all other x-ray pulse parameters, consistent with previous studies.

PHYSICAL REVIEW A (2021)

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Article Optics