Exploring various novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in treating diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is regarded as a common manifestation of diabetes mellitus, being a prominent cause of visual impairment and blindness. This microvascular complication is marked by the appearance of microaneurysms, elevated vascular permeability, capillary blockage, and proliferation of neovasculature. The etiology behind retinopathy is ambiguous and the efficacy of current treatment strategies is minimal. Early diagnosis of this complication using a biomarker with high sensitivity and specificity is very essential for providing better therapeutic strategies. The current available therapeutic options are limited with various adverse effects. Laser treatment is not beneficial in all the situations, economic constraints being the major challenge. Surgical interventions are employed when pharmacotherapy and laser treatment fail. New pharmacological treatments are becoming a necessity for treating the condition. This review highlights the use of various diagnostic tools, emerging biomarkers for early detection of diabetic retinopathy, pathological mechanisms associated with the disease, current therapeutic approaches used and future strategies for more enhanced treatment options and more potent pharmacological actions.

Automated summary

Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus that leads to visual impairment and blindness. Its etiology is unclear and current treatment strategies are limited in efficacy. Early diagnosis using a sensitive and specific biomarker is crucial for better therapeutic strategies. Current therapeutic options have adverse effects and are economically constrained. Surgical interventions are used when other treatments fail. This review highlights diagnostic tools, emerging biomarkers, pathological mechanisms, and future treatment options for diabetic retinopathy.