☆ 4.7 Editorial Material

Research Priorities for Climate Litigation

EARTHS FUTURE (2023)

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Article Environmental Studies

Weaponizing Economics: Big Oil, Economic consultants, and climate policy delay

Benjamin Franta

Summary: The article explores the history of economic consultants hired by the petroleum industry to estimate the costs of climate policies, revealing how they inflated costs and ignored policy benefits. Their biased economic analyses played a key role in undermining major climate policy initiatives in the US over several decades. This study underscores the need for greater attention to the role of economists and economic paradigms in climate policy delay.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

On the attribution of the impacts of extreme weather events to anthropogenic climate change

S. E. Perkins-Kirkpatrick et al.

Summary: Investigations into the role of anthropogenic climate change in extreme weather events need to carefully consider methodological choices to avoid misinterpretation. The anthropogenic signal behind weather events may differ from the signal behind the impact system, and it is important to assess impacts in addition to meteorological events due to lags and nonlinearities.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Rapid intensification of the emerging southwestern North American megadrought in 2020-2021

A. Park Williams et al.

Summary: Southwestern North America has been experiencing a megadrought since 2000, with lower precipitation and higher temperatures. This drought, which spans from 2000 to 2021, is the driest 22-year period since 800 AD, with 19% of the severity in 2021 attributed to climate change. The drought severity in southwestern North America from 2000 to 2018 exceeded that of a megadrought in the late-1500s. Following the exceptional drought severity in 2021, which is 19% attributable to anthropogenic climate trends, the period from 2000 to 2021 is the driest 22-year period since at least 800 AD, and it is likely to persist through 2022, matching the duration of the late-1500s megadrought.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Responsibility of major emitters for country-level warming and extreme hot years

Lea Beusch et al.

Summary: According to Earth System model emulators, greenhouse gas emissions from the five largest emitters (China, the US, EU-27, India, and Russia) between 1991 and 2030 are expected to result in more countries experiencing extremely hot years. If all countries had the same per capita fossil CO2 emissions as projected for the US from 2016 to 2030, global warming in 2030 would be 0.4 degrees C higher and more countries would exceed 2 degrees C of regional warming compared to current pledges.

COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2022)

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Article Environmental Studies

National 'fair shares' in reducing greenhouse gas emissions within the principled framework of international environmental law

Lavanya Rajamani et al.

Summary: This article examines the fairness justifications offered in 168 nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to the 2015 Paris Agreement against principles of international environmental law. It found that some NDCs justify their contributions based on indicators not backed by such principles, suggesting that contributions should be scrutinized for compatibility with widely-accepted principles of international environmental law and the normative pillars of the climate change regime. Fair share ranges consistent with international environmental law principles can inform climate litigation and ensure that individual contributions collectively align with the Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal.

CLIMATE POLICY (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Sharing responsibility for trade-related emissions based on economic benefits

Michael Jakob et al.

Summary: The question of how to allocate responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions between consumers and producers is controversial in international climate policy negotiations. The study proposes an 'Economic Benefit Shared Responsibility' (EBSR) scheme, attributing higher responsibility to China compared to Consumption-Based Accounting (CBA), and lower responsibility to the US and EU.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Quantifying the contribution of an individual to making extreme weather events more likely

Fraser C. Lott et al.

Summary: Probabilistic event attribution aims to quantify the impact of anthropogenic climate change on extreme climate events. Recent studies are starting to allocate responsibility and costs to polluting nations. Through a case study of the 2018 summer heatwave in eastern China, research shows that a portion of event costs can be attributed to individuals based on their age and nationality.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2021)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Increased outburst flood hazard from Lake Palcacocha due to human-induced glacier retreat

R. F. Stuart-Smith et al.

Summary: The retreat of Palcaraju glacier and expansion of Palcacocha lake are mainly attributed to human-induced global warming, which has significantly increased the glacial lake outburst flood hazard in Huaraz. Observations suggest that between 85-105% of the observed 1 degrees Celsius warming since 1880 in this region is due to anthropogenic factors, impacting the glacier retreat and flood risk.

NATURE GEOSCIENCE (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Climate scientists set the bar of proof too high

Elisabeth A. Lloyd et al.

Summary: In order to effectively communicate climate evidence, researchers suggest lowering the standard of proof to "more likely than not" and point out that climate scientists typically demand too much of themselves in terms of evidence.

CLIMATIC CHANGE (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

The climate responsibilities of industrial meat and dairy producers

Oliver Lazarus et al.

Summary: The responsibility for climate change has expanded to include the actions of firms, with some companies committing to net-zero emissions by 2050. However, these commitments mainly focus on reducing energy use, rather than addressing emissions from animal agriculture. Including industrial meat and dairy producers' global emissions in national accounting could impact national targets for greenhouse gas reductions, with some companies exceeding their headquarter countries' total emissions targets. Additionally, evidence shows that all 10 US meat and dairy companies have contributed to efforts to undermine climate-related policies.

CLIMATIC CHANGE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Economic damages from Hurricane Sandy attributable to sea level rise caused by anthropogenic climate change

Benjamin H. Strauss et al.

Summary: The study found that part of the damages from Hurricane Sandy were attributable to climate-mediated anthropogenic sea level rise, adding an estimated $8.1 billion in damages and impacting an additional 71,000 people. This approach can be applied to other coastal storms for impact assessments in the future.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Climate change attribution and legal contexts: evidence and the role of storylines

Elisabeth A. Lloyd et al.

Summary: This passage discusses the use of the storyline approach by climate scientists in a recent court case, as well as the concept of deductive reasoning in attribution science from general to specific. It also raises questions about how attribution science can be applied to support climate change litigation.

CLIMATIC CHANGE (2021)

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Article Environmental Studies

Early oil industry disinformation on global warming

Benjamin Franta

Summary: The discovery of a newly revealed archival document shows that the American Petroleum Institute was spreading false information about climate change as early as 1980, indicating the early use of public-facing misinformation by the petroleum industry. This suggests that commercial fossil fuel interests played a more obstructive role in climate change discourse and policy during the 1980s than previously understood.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS (2021)

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Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Challenges to Understanding Extreme Weather Changes in Lower Income Countries

Friederike E. L. Otto et al.

BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY (2020)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

A General Vision for Reduction of Energy Consumption and CO2Emissions from the Steel Industry

Lauri Holappa

METALS (2020)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Emissions and emergence: a new index comparing relative contributions to climate change with relative climatic consequences

David J. Frame et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2019)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Attributing ocean acidification to major carbon producers

R. Licker et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2019)

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Review Environmental Studies

Oily politics: A critical assessment of the oil and gas industry's contribution to climate change

Marco Grasso

ENERGY RESEARCH & SOCIAL SCIENCE (2019)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

The Inequality of Climate Change From 1.5 to 2°C of Global Warming

Andrew D. King et al.

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2018)

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Letter Environmental Sciences

Early oil industry knowledge of CO2 and global warming

Benjamin Franta

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2018)

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Article International Relations

Holding fossil fuel companies accountable for their contribution to climate change: Where does the law stand?

Michael Burger et al.

BULLETIN OF THE ATOMIC SCIENTISTS (2018)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Perspective has a strong effect on the calculation of historical contributions to global warming

Ragnhild B. Skeie et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2017)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Climate and environmental science denial: A review of the scientific literature published in 1990-2015

Karin Edvardsson Bjornberg et al.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2017)

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Editorial Material Environmental Sciences

Assigning historic responsibility for extreme weather events

Friederike E. L. Otto et al.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2017)

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Article Environmental Sciences

The rise in global atmospheric CO2, surface temperature, and sea level from emissions traced to major carbon producers

B. Ekwurzel et al.

CLIMATIC CHANGE (2017)

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Article Environmental Studies

Post-decisional logics of inaction: The influence of knowledge controversy in climate policy decision-making

Amelia Sharman et al.

ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING A-ECONOMY AND SPACE (2017)

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Editorial Material Environmental Sciences

Fair shares?

Jan S. Fuglestvedt et al.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2016)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Attributing human mortality during extreme heat waves to anthropogenic climate change

Daniel Mitchell et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2016)

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Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Detection and attribution of climate extremes in the observed record

David R. Easterling et al.

WEATHER AND CLIMATE EXTREMES (2016)

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Editorial Material Environmental Sciences

The climate responsibilities of industrial carbon producers

Peter C. Frumhoff et al.

CLIMATIC CHANGE (2015)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, 1854-2010

Richard Heede

CLIMATIC CHANGE (2014)

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Review Environmental Sciences

The role of satellite remote sensing in climate change studies

Jun Yang et al.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2013)

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Article Biology

Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003

Jean-Marie Robine et al.

COMPTES RENDUS BIOLOGIES (2008)

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Article Environmental Studies

The organisation of denial: Conservative think tanks and environmental scepticism

Peter J. Jacques et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS (2008)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003

PA Stott et al.

NATURE (2004)

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Article Sociology

Defeating Kyoto: The conservative movement's impact on U.S. climate change policy

AM McCright et al.

SOCIAL PROBLEMS (2003)

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