4.7 Review

The emerging roles and therapeutic potential of B cells in sepsis

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Summary: Sepsis is expected to have a significant impact on public health and cost as its prevalence increases. Factors contributing to the increased prevalence include aging population, immunomodulatory treatments, and immune-suppressing therapies. Sepsis-induced immunosuppression has been recognized as a predisposing factor in susceptibility to secondary infections and mortality. This review discusses the mechanisms of sepsis-induced immunosuppression, biomarkers for impaired immunity, immune-enhancing strategies, and ongoing therapeutics in sepsis patients. Furthermore, future challenges and the need for personalized immunotherapy are highlighted.

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Artemisinin attenuates IgM xenoantibody production via inhibition of T cell-independent marginal zone B cell proliferation

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Low immunoglobulin G level is associated with poor outcomes in patients with sepsis and septic shock

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Skewed CD39/CD73/adenosine pathway contributes to B-cell hyperactivation and disease progression in patients with chronic hepatitis B

Shuang-Nan Zhou et al.

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Tom van der Poll et al.

Summary: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by infection-induced organ dysfunction, characterized by unbalanced hyperinflammation and immune suppression. Current research aims to stratify sepsis patients into more similar subgroups to better identify those who are likely to benefit from specific immune interventions.

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The Role of Siglec-G on Immune Cells in Sepsis

William Royster et al.

Summary: Siglec-G plays an important immunoregulatory role in B-1a cells and myeloid cells, contributing to the potential therapeutic approach in treating sepsis. A clear understanding of Siglec-G is crucial in developing novel therapeutics for sepsis.

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Immune Deregulation in Sepsis and Septic Shock: Reversing Immune Paralysis by Targeting PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway

Yuki Nakamori et al.

Summary: Sepsis is a disease characterized by a dysregulated host response to infection, with both inflammation and immune suppression occurring, and no specific treatment has been validated. The challenge lies in the complexity and heterogeneity of sepsis, requiring the selection of homogenous sepsis subgroups for testing experimental therapies. Artificial intelligence may help in identifying the most suitable subgroup for specific pathway inhibitors.

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Higher levels of IgA and IgG at sepsis onset are associated with higher mortality: results from the Albumin Italian Outcome Sepsis (ALBIOS) trial

Laura Alagna et al.

Summary: The study found that high levels of IgA and IgG on the first day of diagnosis in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock were associated with decreased 90-day survival, while no association was found between IgM levels and survival.

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The Dynamics of B Cell Aging in Health and Disease

Jill de Mol et al.

Summary: Aging is a significant risk factor for inflammatory diseases, where B cells play a crucial role. Different B cell subsets are involved in infections and autoimmune diseases. With age-related changes in B cell development and function, the impact on chronic inflammatory diseases can be substantial.

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T Cell/B Cell Interactions in the Establishment of Protective Immunity

Julia Ritzau-Jost et al.

Summary: This review discusses the optimization of Tfh cell generation and their interaction with B cells for therapeutic purposes. It also summarizes different T cell subsets, including Tph cells, and highlights the importance of T cell/B cell interaction in non-lymphoid tissues for the generation of protective antibodies.

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A Comparison Between 1 Day versus 7 Days of Sepsis in Mice with the Experiments on LPS-Activated Macrophages Support the Use of Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Sepsis Attenuation

Jiradej Makjaroen et al.

Summary: This study explored the immune adaptation and dysregulation in sepsis survivors and moribund mice after CLP surgery, as well as in vitro macrophage experiments. The results showed that survivors exhibited normalized parameters, enhanced adaptive immunity, and reduced liver injury, endotoxemia, and gut leakage. Soluble heat aggregated immunoglobulin (sHA-Ig) reduced inflammation in LPS-activated macrophages, while intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) attenuated sepsis severity and improved survival in CLP mice. These findings suggest that immunoglobulins may play a role in modulating immune responses in sepsis and IVIG could be beneficial under certain conditions.

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Adesola C. Olatunde et al.

Summary: Tfh cells are crucial for providing help for B cells in germinal centers, contributing to effective and long-lasting humoral immune responses. The cytokine-skewed differentiation and functions of Tfh cells play a significant role in modulating disease progression and humoral immune responses.

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A primitive type of renin-expressing lymphocyte protects the organism against infections

Brian C. Belyea et al.

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Immunosuppressive Mechanisms of Regulatory B Cells

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Marginal Zone B Cells Assist With Neutrophil Accumulation to Fight Against Systemic Staphylococcus aureus Infection

Li-Wen Lo et al.

Summary: Recent studies have shown that MZ B cells play a crucial role in regulating neutrophil migration in the spleen during systemic S. aureus infection, contributing to pathogen clearance. The upregulation of IL-6 and CXCL1/CXCL2 in MZ B cells post-infection promotes neutrophil recruitment. Interaction between neutrophils and MZ B cells is pivotal for IgM-secreting cell differentiation and overall immune response.

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Sepsis expands a CD39+ plasmablast population that promotes immunosuppression via adenosine-mediated inhibition of macrophage antimicrobial activity

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Crosstalk between B cells and neutrophils in rheumatoid arthritis

Utsa Karmakar et al.

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Marginating transitional B cells modulate neutrophils in the lung during inflammation and pneumonia

John Podstawka et al.

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Imbalance between inflammatory and regulatory cord blood B cells following pre-term birth

Mandy Busse et al.

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Extracellular CIRP decreases Siglec-G expression on B-1a cells skewing them towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype in sepsis

William Royster et al.

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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Activate Proinflammatory Functions of Human Neutrophils

Daniel Doemer et al.

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Minakshi Rana et al.

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