APC/C-Cdh1-targeted substrates as potential therapies for Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and the main cause of dementia in the elderly. The disease has a high impact on individuals and their families and represents a growing public health and socio-economic burden. Despite this, there is no effective treatment options to cure or modify the disease progression, highlighting the need to identify new therapeutic targets. Synapse dysfunction and loss are early pathological features of Alzheimer's disease, correlate with cognitive decline and proceed with neuronal death. In the last years, the E3 ubiquitin ligase anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) has emerged as a key regulator of synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival. To this end, the ligase binds Cdh1, its main activator in the brain. However, inactivation of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome-Cdh1 complex triggers dendrite disruption, synapse loss and neurodegeneration, leading to memory and learning impairment. Interestingly, oligomerized amyloid-beta (A beta) peptide, which is involved in Alzheimer's disease onset and progression, induces Cdh1 phosphorylation leading to anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome-Cdh1 complex disassembly and inactivation. This causes the aberrant accumulation of several anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome-Cdh1 targets in the damaged areas of Alzheimer's disease brains, including Rock2 and Cyclin B1. Here we review the function of anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome-Cdh1 dysregulation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, paying particular attention in the neurotoxicity induced by its molecular targets. Understanding the role of anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome-Cdh1-targeted substrates in Alzheimer's disease may be useful in the development of new effective disease-modifying treatments for this neurological disorder.

Automated summary

Alzheimer's disease is the main cause of dementia in the elderly and there are currently no effective treatment options. Synapse dysfunction and loss are early pathological features, and inactivation of the APC/C enzyme leads to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Phosphorylation reactions induced by Alzheimer's disease exacerbate the enzyme inactivation, leading to the accumulation of multiple targets in damaged areas, further impairing neurons.