Understanding conversion mechanism of NiO anodic materials for Li-ion battery using in situ X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy

Nano-scaled NiO particles (nano-NiO) are prepared by a ligand stabilization method and compared with micron-sized NiO particles (micro-NiO) as anodic material of Li-ion battery. The structural and physical properties are characterized by N-2 physisorption, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The nano-NiO shows uniform spheres with an average particle size of 9 nm with high and stable discharge capacity of 637 mAh g(-1), while the micro-NiO forms irregularly shaped particles with an average particle size of 750 nm with low capacity of 431 mAh g(-1) at 0.5C. In situ X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analysis reveals that the capacity and reversibility of the NiO anode is highly affected by the particle size of the NiO. The micro-NiO exhibits a low capacity with absence of phase transformation upon the discharge/charge cycles. In contrast, the nano-NiO exhibits a high capacity with reversible phase transformation between NiO and Ni metal upon the cycle test. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.