4.6 Review

Synergistic Electric and Thermal Effects of Electrochromic Devices

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Constant current versus constant voltage electrodepostion: fabrication of long-term stable Prussian blue films toward bifunctional electrochromic pseudocapacitors

Nguyen Sy Pham et al.

Summary: The physical properties of thin films have a significant impact on the performance of electrochemical devices, but the influence of different fabrication techniques has not been sufficiently investigated. This study compares two electrodeposition techniques for the fabrication of Prussian blue thin films and finds that controlled current electrodeposition exhibits superior electrochromic pseudocapacitive performance.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED ELECTROCHEMISTRY (2023)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Cerium-Modified Mesoporous Antimony Doped Tin Oxide as Intercalation-Free Charge Storage Layers for Electrochromic Devices

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Summary: This report describes the post-modification of mesoporous antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticle layers with a redox-active cerium compound. The switching of the Ce3+/Ce4+ couple on the conductive nanoparticle scaffold is demonstrated using a non-intercalating electrolyte. Nanoparticle layers doped with 15% Sb exhibit the highest storage capacity, and show promising performance as charge storage layers in an electrochromic device.

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Novel High-Performance and Low-Cost Electrochromic Prussian White Film

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Self-Driven Electrochromic Window System Cu/WOx-Al3+/GR with Dynamic Optical Modulation and Static Graph Display Functions

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Summary: This study presents a self-driven AI-ion electrochromic system that achieves dynamic optical modulation and static graph display through electrode switching, demonstrating high color stability and wide potential window. It holds significant value for electrochromic applications.

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Niobium Tungsten Oxides for Electrochromic Devices with Long-Term Stability

Cong Wu et al.

Summary: This study reports a complex niobium tungsten oxide electrochromic material that exhibits good redox kinetics within a range of polarity, with fast coloration and bleaching times, high optical modulation and coloration efficiency. Moreover, the material demonstrates excellent electrochemical stability, maintaining 78.1% performance retention after 8000 cycles. These superior performances are attributed to the fast and stable Li-ion intercalation/extraction in the open framework of Nb18W16O93 with multiple ion positions, providing a strategy for developing electrochromic materials with fast response time and good cycle stability.

ACS NANO (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Dynamic Metal-Ligand Interaction of Synergistic Polymers for Bistable See-Through Electrochromic Devices

Yuyang Wang et al.

Summary: This paper proposes a new strategy for designing bistable electrochromic materials based on polymer-assisted dynamic metal-ligand coordination. Through sufficient characterization of the mechanism and materials, the optimization design of electrochromic displays was successfully achieved, resulting in good performance.

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Vacancy-engineered V2O5-x films for ultrastable electrochromic applications

Seock-Joon Jeong et al.

Summary: In this study, vacancy-engineered V2O5-x films were prepared for electrochromic applications, and V2O5-5wt% film showed superior performance due to its crystal structure and optimized film thickness. It exhibited fast switching speeds, high transmittance modulation, high coloration efficiency, excellent cycle stability, and energy storage capability, indicating its potential in multi-functional applications.

CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL (2022)

Article Electrochemistry

Conducting Polyaniline/Au Nanorods Composite Film for High-Performance Electrochromic Device

Tong Feng et al.

Summary: Conducting polymers, specifically polyaniline (PANI)/Au nanorods composite film, show great potential in next-generation electrochromic applications due to their multicolor changes, flexible production capability, and large-scale production capability. The rational design of stacking nanocomposites on electrodes improves the electrochromic properties of the resulting devices, such as higher optical modulation, faster response time, and good cycling stability. This study successfully fabricated an electrochromic device (ECD) using the PANI/Au nanorods composite film as the anode and poly(3,4-ethyloxylthiophene) as the cathode.

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Electropolymerization of D-A type EDOT-based monomers consisting of camphor substituted quinoxaline unit for electrochromism with enhanced performance

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Facile preparation of Prussian blue electrochromic films for smart-supercapattery via an in-situ replacement reaction

Jisheng Song et al.

Summary: This article presents a simple and effective method for the fabrication of Prussian blue electrochromic layers with the assistance of ITO nanoparticles. The prepared layers demonstrate good electrochemical performance and transmittance modulation ability.

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Fully spray-coated electrochromic devices containing octa-viologen substituted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane

Jun Hong Choi et al.

Summary: This study presents fully spray-coated electrochromic devices (ECDs) containing octa-viologen substituted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OHV-POSS). Transmissive and reflective ECDs were fabricated on polyester and polycarbonate substrates, respectively, using different compositions and layer configurations. The electrodes were made of a mixture of silver nanowires and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly (styrenesulfonate), and divinyl sulfone was used. The spray-coated plastic ECDs exhibited a low redox potential and reversible color changes.

THIN SOLID FILMS (2022)

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Copper complex/polyoxometalate-based tunable multi-color film for energy storage

Dongxue Chu et al.

Summary: In this study, a composite film with excellent electrochromic and pseudocapacitive performance was fabricated. The film can achieve tunable color change during charge and discharge processes, and monitor the level of stored energy. This research demonstrates the potential of POMs-based electrode materials for electrochromic and energy storage applications.

ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (2022)

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High-performance electrochromic supercapacitor based on quinacridone dye with good specific capacitance, fast switching time and robust stability

Xiaojing Lv et al.

Summary: Quinacridone derivatives exhibit excellent electrochromic and capacitance properties, demonstrating potential applications in portable and wearable electronic devices.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2022)

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High-Properties electrochromic device based on TiO2@Graphene/Prussian blue Core-Shell nanostructures

Yingeng Wang et al.

Summary: In this study, a high-performance electrochromic device (ECD) with TNRA@G/PB core-shell nanostructure as the electrode was successfully prepared. The core-shell nanostructure was formed by wrapping graphene and growing Prussian blue on TiO2 nanorod array through a two-step hydrothermal and spin coating method. The existence state of elemental iron and the evolution of the PB growth layer were investigated. A model of K+ diffusion and electron transport in the ECDs was proposed to explain the mechanism of the enhanced electrochromic property of the TNRA@G/PB core-shell nanostructures. Compared to traditional PB film-based ECDs, the TNRA@G/PB core-shell nanostructures achieved a higher optical modulation range and shorter switching time.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2022)

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Multicolor electrochromic device based on reversible metal electrodeposition of Bi-Cu with controlled morphology and composition ratio

Daoyi He et al.

Summary: This study successfully developed a reversible metal electrodeposition device with multiple optical states and revealed its superior cycling stability and color retention stability. The metal film deposited by the step-potential method exhibited better performance and has the potential application in light modulating devices, such as smart windows and information displays.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2022)

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Electrochromism in Hf-doped WO3

Chihoon Kim et al.

Summary: In this study, the electrochromic behavior of tungsten oxide (WO3) and the effect of hafnium (Hf) doping on its performance were analyzed. It was found that the Hf-doped WO3 outperformed the pristine WO3, with the 7% doped sample showing the best results. The performance was also affected by the electrolyte used, with the Hf-doped WO3 exhibiting the highest optical contrast, fastest switching speed, and highest coloration efficiency in the calcium electrolyte. A device fabricated from the 7% Hf-doped WO3 showed fast switching and excellent stability, demonstrating the practical applicability of the Hf-doped WO3/Ca electrolyte electrochromic system.

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Analysis of structural morphological changes from 3DOM V2O5 film to V2O5 nanorods film and its application in electrochromic device

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Targeted enhancement of electrochromic memory in Fe(II) based metallo-supramolecular polymer using molybdenum disulfide quantum dots

Susmita Roy et al.

Summary: In this study, we successfully incorporated MoS2 quantum dots into the material structure to prepare an electrochromic nanocomposite with long EC memory. Compared to pure materials, this composite material exhibits higher cycle durability, faster switching time, and higher coloration efficiency. This strategy provides a promising candidate for developing power efficient electrochromic information displays and smart windows.

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Novel Bistable Electrochromic Devices Inspired by Hydroxyl-Acids

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Summary: This study proposes a theory of hydroxyl-acids assisted improvement of electrochromic rate and bistability, and applies it to achieve high-performance solid-state electrochromic devices. The 80% hydroxypropyl acrylate-20% methyl methacrylate copolymer-based electrochromic film outperforms traditional PMMA-based electrochromic films in terms of electrochromic rate and bistability.

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Synthesis, characterizations, and electrochromic studies of WO3 coated CeO2 nanorod thin films for smart window applications

G. V. Ashok Reddy et al.

Summary: In this study, cerium oxide nanorods were synthesized using a hydrothermal technique and a thin layer of tungsten trioxide (WO3) was deposited on the nanorods using DC magnetron sputtering. The electrochromic studies showed that the prepared thin films exhibited high coloration efficiency. SEM, UV-Visible, XRD, and electrochemical analyzer were used to investigate the surface morphology, optical properties, composition, and electrochromic performance of the thin films. The combination of CeO2 nanorods and WO3 coating shows potential for applications in electrochromic devices.

PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER (2022)

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Nese Guven et al.

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Molecular engineering of p-extended viologens consisting of quinoxaline-based bridges for tunable electrochromic devices

Zhonghua Ding et al.

Summary: This study developed four novel n-extended viologens by introducing quinoxaline-based units for electrochromism and investigated their optical and electrochemical properties. All-in-one electrochromic devices using these viologens as cathode material showed efficient electrochromic performance with high optical contrast, short switching time, and good coloration efficiency. One of the devices exhibited a high optical contrast of 82% at 582 nm, with bleaching time and coloring time of 0.84 s and 0.68 s, respectively, and a coloration efficiency of 334 cm(2)/C.

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Study of electrochromic behavior of the supporting electrolyte free electrochromic devices based on the graphene quantum dots functionalized viologens for energy-saving smart window application

Amit Kumar et al.

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Ester decorated 1,2,4,5-tetraphenylbenzene electrochromic materials with AEE activity, high optical contrast, fast response, and good cycling stability

Qi He et al.

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Shouli Ming et al.

Summary: Three donor-acceptor (D-A) type copolymers were synthesized, and it was found that the optical absorption properties could be regulated by changing the molar ratio of donor to acceptor. DC-TIIG-2 exhibited high optical contrast and coloration efficiency.

JOURNAL OF THE TAIWAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS (2022)

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Fabrication of Tungsten Oxide/Graphene Quantum Dot (WO3@GQD) Thin Films on Indium Tin Oxide-Based Glass and Flexible Substrates for the Construction of Electrochromic Devices for Smart Window Applications

Khursheed Ahmad et al.

Summary: In this study, WO3@GQD thin films were prepared for smart window applications. The electrochromic devices fabricated with WO3@GQD showed improved coloration efficiency and good stability, making them suitable for flexible smart windows.

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Sifan Kong et al.

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MICROMACHINES (2022)

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Self-healable PEDOT-based all-organic films with excellent electrochromic performances

Xiaowen Xie et al.

Summary: In this study, a strategy to synthesize intrinsically self-healing electrochromic polymer composite films was introduced. The prepared copolymer film showed excellent electrochromic properties, with a visible light contrast ratio of 47.24% and a fast response time of 0.8 s. The film also exhibited intrinsic self-healing capability and maintained 95% optical contrast after thermal stimulation.

NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Zn-Fe PBA Films by Two-step Electrodeposition Method: Preparation and Performance in Electrochromic Devices

Zhang Jiaqiang et al.

Summary: This research proposes a zinc-iron Prussian blue analogue composite film for the preparation of electrochromic devices. The film exhibits excellent electrochemical performance and cycle stability, with minimal impact on color. With the ion storage layer, the film significantly improves the operating voltage and transmittance control range, showing promising application potential.

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Enhanced dual-band modulation of visible and near-infrared light transmittance in electrochromic composite films based on Preyssler-type polyoxometalates and W18O49

Yanyan Yang et al.

Summary: A W18O49/[PEI/P5W30](20) film prepared by a layer-by-layer method showed significant performance in visible and near infrared light modulation, making it suitable for next-generation smart windows to evenly control solar light and heat gain in buildings.

NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY (2022)

Proceedings Paper Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Studies of electrochromic behavior of conducting copolymer of 3-methylthiophene with 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene

P. Authidevi et al.

Summary: In this study, a co-polymer of poly (3-methylthiophene-co-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PMT-co-EDOT) was successfully synthesized using the electrochemical method and characterized using various analytical techniques. The spectroelectro electrochromic properties of the co-polymer were determined, and it exhibited multicolour electrochromism. The results suggest that this co-polymer has potential applications in electrochromic devices.

MATERIALS TODAY-PROCEEDINGS (2022)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Physical Simulation Model of WO3 Electrochromic Films Based on Continuous Electron-Transfer Kinetics and Experimental Verification

Guanguang Zhang et al.

Summary: In this study, an electrochromic physical simulation model of WO3 films was established to investigate the electrochromic mechanism. Through experimental and theoretical analysis, continuous electron-transfer process and Li+-ion diffusion process in WO3 were revealed. The model successfully validated experimental data and provided an accurate description of the electrochromic process.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2021)

Article Materials Science, Ceramics

Solvothermal growth of Nb2O5 films on FTO coated glasses and their electrochromic properties

Chao Yu et al.

Summary: It has been demonstrated that niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) films can be grown directly on fluorine-doped tin oxides (FTO) coated glasses using a simple solvothermal process. The structure and electrochromic properties of the films were investigated, with the best performance achieved at an ethanol volume percentage of 30%. The films prepared with 30% ethanol exhibited the highest optical modulation, stable cyclic performance, and efficient color switching abilities.

CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL (2021)

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Ligand and solvent effects on the kinetics of the electrochemical reduction of Ni(II) complexes: Experiment and quantum chemical modeling

Renat R. Nazmutdinov et al.

Summary: This study investigates the two electron reduction of Ni(II) complexes with alpha-diimine ligands using cyclic voltammetry and molecular modeling, determining the rate-controlling steps and activation barriers of the redox processes. The results show differences in the rate constants and mechanisms between different complexes in acetonitrile and dimethylformamide solutions. The experimental and theoretical data are in qualitative agreement, providing insights into the kinetics of electron transfer reactions with different ligands and solvents.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2021)

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Enhanced electrochromic performance of carbon-coated V2O5 derived from a metal-organic framework

Yu-Sheng Hsiao et al.

Summary: In this study, a vanadium-containing metal-organic framework was synthesized and used as a template to prepare V2O5 nanoparticles. The carbon-coated V2O5 exhibited enhanced electronic conductivity, electrochemical properties, excellent electrochromic performance, and higher cycling stability compared to bare V2O5. The carbon coating acted as a buffer layer to improve dimensional and electrochemical stability while allowing Li+ ion transport and blocking solvent migration into the V2O5 electrode.

APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE (2021)

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Molybdenum doping effect on sol-gel Nb2O5:Li+ thin films: Investigation of structural, optical and electrochromic properties

Rafaela M. J. Lemos et al.

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MATERIALS SCIENCE IN SEMICONDUCTOR PROCESSING (2021)

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Electrochromic TiO2 films by a facile solvothermal process: Effect of ethanol content on growth and performance

Bo Zhang et al.

Summary: The study investigated the influence of ethanol content on the microstructure and electrochromic performance of TiO2 films. Results showed that the film synthesized with 20% ethanol had the highest transmittance modulation, fastest switching times, largest coloration efficiency, and high cyclic stability.

OPTICAL MATERIALS (2021)

Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Reversible Metal Electrodeposition Devices: An Emerging Approach to Effective Light Modulation and Thermal Management

Xin Tao et al.

Summary: The reversible metal electrodeposition device (RMED) utilizes the appearance and disappearance of a metal layer to achieve spectrum control, making it suitable for applications in displays, smart windows, and thermal camouflage. Challenges in device enlargement present significant obstacles to its application.

ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS (2021)

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A see-through electrochromic display via dynamic metal-ligand interactions

Yuyang Wang et al.

Summary: Inspired by biochemical reactions, a new electrochromic mechanism was proposed based on metal-ligand interactions for color conversion of dyes. The system combines electrochemical stability of metal ions with color adjustability of dyes, achieving high transmittance change and broad color tunability in EC devices.
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Robust Trioptical-State Electrochromic Energy Storage Device Enabled by Reversible Metal Electrodeposition

Alice Lee-Sie Eh et al.

Summary: In this study, a reversible electrochemical mirror (REM) electrochromic device utilizing a Cu hybrid electrolyte is proposed, which enables reversible electrodeposition/dissolution of Cu ions for enhanced electrochromic performance and cycling stability. The device shows good electrochemical reversibility and cycling stability with minor degradation after 5000 cycles. The investigation reveals a Cl-/ClO- redox mechanism at the cathode and the realization of an unprecedented dual-functional Cu hybrid REM energy storage device.

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The preparation and investigation of all thin film electrochromic devices based on reactively sputtered MoO3 thin films

Qiaonan Han et al.

Summary: Reactively sputtered molybdenum trioxide thin films were studied and used as cathodic electrochromic layers in all thin film electrochromic devices. The working pressure was found to significantly influence the performance of MoO3 films, with a 4 Pa MoO3 film exhibiting high optical modulation and coloration efficiency.

MATERIALS SCIENCE IN SEMICONDUCTOR PROCESSING (2021)

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Boosting the electrochromic performance of TiO2 nanowire film via successively evolving surface structure

Baohu Dai et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated an amorphization strategy to enhance the performance of TiO2 nanowire film (TNF) by adding an additional TiO2 conformal layer using atomic layer deposition (ALD). The addition of the layer improved the charging efficiency and color efficiency of TiO2, with potential applications in upgrading traditional ETMOs and designing new electrochromic materials.

SCIENCE CHINA-CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Energy & Fuels

Electrochromic materials based on tetra-substituted viologen analogues with broad absorption and good cycling stability

Zhen-Jie Huang et al.

Summary: In this study, two tetra-substituted viologen analogues were synthesized with large conjugation degrees, showing high electrochromic performance and broad absorption to near infrared light. Among them, TBPPE exhibited excellent behavior with high optical contrast, distinct color change, good cycling stability, and excellent coloration efficiency in the near infrared region.

SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS (2021)

Article Energy & Fuels

Polymer inhibitors enable >900 cm2 dynamic windows based on reversible metal electrodeposition with high solar modulation

Michael T. Strand et al.

Summary: By using polymer inhibitors, the morphology of metal films in dynamic windows can be improved, allowing for a wide modulation of light and heat flow. This enhances the efficiency and durability of the windows, enabling a greater control over energy consumption.

NATURE ENERGY (2021)

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Stephen Selkowitz

Summary: Researchers have demonstrated that polymer additives can improve the light and solar heat modulation of reflective electrochromic windows, potentially leading to durable, large-scale, and low-cost manufacturing.

NATURE ENERGY (2021)

Article Engineering, Environmental

RGB-to-black multicolor electrochromic devices enabled with viologen functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes

Gaurav K. Pande et al.

Summary: Viologen functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS-viologens) demonstrate efficient multicolor electrochromic transitions, achieving successful RGB coverage including black. Multi-stacked electrochromic devices (ECDs) show outstanding electrochromic performances, offering a universal route to high-performance and stable multicolor ECDs.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2021)

Article Chemistry, Applied

Novel triphenylamine containing poly-viologen for voltage-tunable multi-color electrochromic device

Keon-Woo Kim et al.

Summary: EC materials, particularly EC polymers, show promise for applications in smart windows and information displays due to their color tuning capabilities. A new EC polymer with redox-active triphenylamine and viologen was synthesized and utilized in ECDs, demonstrating multiple colors based on applied voltage. Additionally, voltage-tunable multicolor EC displays were successfully created using EFAD printing.

DYES AND PIGMENTS (2021)

Article Electrochemistry

Synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon embedded TiO2 films for electrochromic energy storage application

Bo Zhang et al.

Summary: The nitrogen-doped carbon embedded nanoporous TiO2 electrode with optimal surface nanoporous morphology was synthesized by controlling the content of oleylamine, showing excellent electrochromic energy storage properties. The nanoporous structure and nitrogen-doped carbon play crucial roles in enhancing electrochemical activity, providing adequate ion and electron transport pathways for multifunctional electrochromic energy storage device.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2021)

Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Electrically actuated visible and near-infrared regulating switchable smart window for energy positive building: A review

Srijita Nundy et al.

Summary: Buildings consume fossil fuel generated electricity for air conditioning, heating, and artificial lighting, which can be offset by using energy efficient advanced switchable smart windows. Electrically actuated switchable smart window systems, including electrochromic, suspended particle device, and liquid crystal, have different power supply requirements. Stakeholder support, particularly from government and building regulations, is essential for the smooth integration of smart windows into the building sector.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2021)

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Instrument for spatially resolved, temperature-dependent electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of thin films under locally controlled atmosphere

Meagan C. Papac et al.

Summary: An instrument for spatially resolved measurements of electrochemical impedance under various temperatures and gas environments was demonstrated. Automated measurements controlled by a custom LabVIEW program include probe and sample motion, temperature ramps, and potentiostat functions. The method was shown to proficiently map property trends in materials through measurements on a compositionally graded array of electrocatalytically active thin film microelectrodes.

REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS (2021)

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Long life all-solid-state electrochromic devices by annealing

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Summary: Annealing temperature significantly affects the performance of ECDs, with low temperature annealing leading to poor stability and high temperature annealing resulting in better optical modulation. The relationship between annealing temperature and ECDs performance is crucial for practical applications.

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Durable Electrochromic Devices Driven at 0.8 V by Complementary Chromic Combination of Metallo-Supramolecular Polymer and Prussian Blue Analogues for Smart Windows with Low-Energy Consumption

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Summary: Durable electrochromic devices driven at 0.8 V were successfully fabricated using the complementary chromic combination of Fe(II)-based metallo-supramolecular polymer (polyFe) and Prussian blue analogues (PBAs). By utilizing polyFe and NiHCF as the EC pair, a dramatic decrease in driving voltage was achieved, with S-ECD showing better durability in long term stability tests.

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JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2019)

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