4.6 Review

Wide-bandgap polymer donors for non-fullerene organic solar cells

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Chloride side-chain engineered quinoxaline-based D-A copolymer enabling non-fullerene organic solar cells with over 16% efficiency

Qiang Zhang et al.

Summary: The simple halogenation strategy of side-chains has been proven effective in boosting the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells. In this study, two novel D-A copolymer donors, PBDTTS-2FQx and PBDTTS-2ClQx, were developed and compared. The PBDTTS-2ClQx with chlorobenzene side chains exhibited redshifted absorption, suppressed energy levels, increased extinction coefficient, and improved electron mobility compared to PBDTTS-2FQx with fluorobenzene side chains. After blending with BTP-eC9, the PBDTTS-2ClQx:BTP-eC9 blend film showed higher and balanced hole/electron mobilities, improved aggregation, reduced charge carrier recombination, and better molecular order. Consequently, the OSCs based on PBDTTS-2ClQx:BTP-eC9 achieved an impressive power conversion efficiency of 16.1%, while the PBDTTS-2FQx-based OSCs only reached 12.2%. Chlorine side-chain engineering of the Qx-based copolymer donors was identified as a simple and effective approach to further enhance their photovoltaic performance.

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Low-bandgap nonfullerene acceptor based on thieno[3,2-b]indole core for highly efficient binary and ternary organic solar cells

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Simple Polythiophene Solar Cells Approaching 10% Efficiency via Carbon Chain Length Modulation of Poly(3-alkylthiophene)

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MACROMOLECULES (2022)

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Efficient Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Simple Non-Fused Electron Donors with Low Synthetic Complexity

Yueyue Gao et al.

Summary: The study introduces a series of simple non-fused-ring electron donors, PF1 and PF2, with small synthetic complexity and high synthetic yield. These new polymers, PF1 and PF2, exhibit larger conjugated plane and higher hole mobility compared to their all-thiophene-backbone counterpart, leading to improved device efficiencies. The optimized PF2-based devices, with the introduction of PC71BM as the third component, achieve the highest efficiency.
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Engineering of the alkyl chain branching point on a lactone polymer donor yields 17.81% efficiency

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Over 18% ternary polymer solar cells enabled by a terpolymer as the third component

Wenhong Peng et al.

Summary: Ternary blending and random terpolymerization strategies have been proven effective for enhancing the performance of organic solar cells, with the construction of a new terpolymer PM6-Si30 showing improved efficiency in OSCs through improved charge transport and molecular arrangement.

NANO ENERGY (2022)

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Conjugated Mesopolymer Achieving 15% Efficiency Single-Junction Organic Solar Cells

Bing Zheng et al.

Summary: In this study, a new mesopolymer MePBDFClH is designed and synthesized as a donor material for high-performance organic solar cells (OSCs) and achieves a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.06%. Comparing with traditional polymers, mesopolymers show lower differentiation and great potential in producing high-performance organic photovoltaic materials.

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Volatile Solid Additive-Assisted Sequential Deposition Enables 18.42% Efficiency in Organic Solar Cells

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Summary: The study introduces a volatile solid additive-assisted sequential deposition strategy to optimize the morphology of the active layer in organic solar cells, resulting in enhanced performance. The combination of a volatile solid additive and sequential deposition method proves to be effective in developing high-performance OSCs.

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Achieving 16% Efficiency for Polythiophene Organic Solar Cells with a Cyano-Substituted Polythiophene

Xiyue Yuan et al.

Summary: This paper reports a new PT with cyano-group substituents for high-efficiency OSCs. The cyano-group endows the PT with a deep-lying energy level and strong interchain interaction, resulting in improved device performance and power conversion efficiency.

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Layer-by-Layer Processed PM6:Y6-Based Stable Ternary Polymer Solar Cells with Improved Efficiency over 18% by Incorporating an Asymmetric Thieno[3,2-b]indole-Based Acceptor

Jinglong Chen et al.

Summary: In this study, a new low-bandgap asymmetric small molecule acceptor TIT-2Cl based on thieno[3,2-b]indole core was introduced into PM6:Y6-based polymer solar cells (PSCs) to suppress the over-aggregation of Y6 molecules and improve the efficiency. The addition of TIT-2Cl contributed to improved light harvesting, charge separation, transport, and extraction. By using the layer-by-layer (LBL) progressive spin-coating method, the PSCs achieved a champion efficiency of 18.18%, the highest reported for PM6:Y6-based PSCs, with superior stability and compositional insensitivity.

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Efficient organic solar cells with small energy losses based on a wide-bandgap trialkylsilyl-substituted donor polymer and a non-fullerene acceptor

Haijun Bin et al.

Summary: Efficient organic solar cells based on a blend of PBDS-T and BTP-eC9 as the active layer materials are reported. The optimized device shows high open-circuit voltage, low photon-energy loss, and high internal quantum efficiency, leading to a power conversion efficiency of 16.4%. PBDS-T is a promising donor polymer due to its good solubility, wide optical bandgap, and high molecular weight synthesis capability. By annealing the as-cast films in solvent vapor, the device performance is significantly improved.

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A Mixed-Ligand Strategy to Modulate P3HT Regioregularity forHigh-Efficiency Solar Cells

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Single-junction organic solar cells with over 19% efficiency enabled by a refined double-fibril network morphology

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Polythiophenes for organic solar cells with efficiency surpassing 17%

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A chlorinated lactone polymer donor featuring high performance and low cost

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Qing Liao et al.

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Modulating the nanoscale morphology on carboxylate-pyrazine containing terpolymer toward 17.8% efficiency organic solar cells with enhanced thermal stability

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Low-cost and high-performance poly(thienylene vinylene) derivative donor for efficient versatile organic photovoltaic cells

Pengqing Bi et al.

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26.75 cm2 organic solar modules demonstrate a certified efficiency of 14.34%

Erming Feng et al.

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Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-Based Conjugated Polymers for Highly Efficient Organic Photovoltaics

Cunbin An et al.

Summary: In recent years, advancements in photovoltaic materials, particularly polymer donors and nonfullerene acceptors, have greatly increased the power conversion efficiencies of bulk heterojunction single-junction organic photovoltaic cells. The rational design of polymer donors is crucial for achieving high efficiencies by ensuring matching energy levels and absorption spectra with nonfullerene acceptors, as well as optimizing the morphology and electroluminescence quantum efficiency of the cells. Among various polymer donors, benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-containing conjugated polymers have shown promising results. This review emphasizes the molecular design strategies of these polymer donors and discusses their impact on the photovoltaic efficiencies of organic photovoltaic cells.

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18.42% efficiency polymer solar cells enabled by terpolymer donors with optimal miscibility and energy levels

Zhihui Liao et al.

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Post-sulphuration enhances the performance of a lactone polymer donor

Yufan Jiang et al.

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18.69% PCE from organic solar cells

Ke Jin et al.

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Volatilizable Solid Additive-Assisted Treatment Enables Organic Solar Cells with Efficiency over 18.8% and Fill Factor Exceeding 80%

Sunan Bao et al.

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ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Calculation aided miscibility manipulation enables highly efficient polythiophene:nonfullerene photovoltaic cells

Qi Wang et al.

Summary: Polythiophenes, known for their low cost and high synthesis scalability, have gained attention in organic solar cell research. However, their performance in polythiophene:nonfullerene blend solar cells is hindered by poor miscibility between polythiophene and acceptors, necessitating efforts in engineering the molecular structure for better compatibility. Through group contribution calculations, the miscibility of these blends has been successfully adjusted by altering the ratios of specific chains in ester-substituted polythiophenes, leading to record-high power conversion efficiencies.

SCIENCE CHINA-CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Naphthalenothiophene Imide-Based Polymer Donor for High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells

Haijun Ning et al.

Summary: NTI, synthesized in a one-step reaction, has a low-lying HOMO energy level, and when mixed with Y6, solar cell devices exhibit a high efficiency of 15.18%. NTI is a promising building unit for high-performance polymer donors due to its high efficiency and avoidance of multi-step synthesis.

CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS (2021)

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π-Extended Conjugated Polymer Acceptor Containing Thienylene-Vinylene-Thienylene Unit for High-Performance Thick-Film All-Polymer Solar Cells with Superior Long-Term Stability

Jiabin Zhang et al.

Summary: Novel polymerized small molecular acceptors, PJTVT and PJTET, were designed with conjugated and unconjugated linking units respectively, demonstrating improved efficiency and stability for all-polymer solar cells through molecular modulation in the linking unit of the polymer acceptor.

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Simple Nonfused Ring Electron Acceptors with 3D Network Packing Structure Boosting the Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells to 15.44%

Xiaodong Wang et al.

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ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Molecular design revitalizes the low-cost PTV-polymer for highly efficient organic solar cells

Junzhen Ren et al.

Summary: In this study, a new ester substituted poly(thiophene vinylene) derivative, PTVT-T, was successfully synthesized with commercially available raw materials. PTVT-T showed excellent compatibility with fullerene- and NF-based acceptors, exhibiting high efficiency in OSCs. With a power conversion efficiency of 16.20% in a PTVT-T:BTP-eC9-based device, this work demonstrates the huge potential of PTVT-T for the future commercialization of OSCs.

NATIONAL SCIENCE REVIEW (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

High-Efficiency Organic Solar Cells Based on a Low-Cost Fully Non-Fused Electron Acceptor

Yuanyuan Zhou et al.

Summary: A series of tetrathiophene-based fully non-fused ring acceptors have been developed for efficient organic solar cells, with the ability to tune solubility and packing through lateral chain size adjustments. Incorporating 2-ethylhexyl chains enhances compatibility with donor polymers and achieves high power conversion efficiencies.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Quinoxaline-Based D-A Copolymer Donor Achieving 17.62% Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells

Can Zhu et al.

Summary: Side-chain engineering is a crucial strategy for enhancing the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells. In this study, two copolymers were designed and synthesized, with PBQ6 exhibiting superior performance and achieving a high efficiency of 17.62% for organic solar cells.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A New Conjugated Polymer that Enables the Integration of Photovoltaic and Light-Emitting Functions in One Device

Ye Xu et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the design and application of a new wide-bandgap polymer, PBQx-TCl, in photovoltaic and light-emitting devices. Devices fabricated with nonfullerene acceptors show high power conversion efficiency under various lighting conditions, showcasing the potential of PBQx-TCl-based devices in both photovoltaic and light-emitting functions.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Surpassing 13% Efficiency for Polythiophene Organic Solar Cells Processed from Nonhalogenated Solvent

Jingyang Xiao et al.

Summary: A novel fluorinated polythiophene derivative, P4T2F-HD, is introduced to significantly improve the morphology of bulk heterojunction active layers in organic solar cells. By optimizing the film morphology and interface structure, a record power conversion efficiency of 13.65% for polythiophene-based OSCs was achieved through the use of P4T2F-HD:Y6-BO films processed from nonhalogenated solvents.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

Article Physics, Condensed Matter

A wide-bandgap copolymer donor with a 5-methyl-4H-dithieno[3,2-e:2′,3′-g]isoindole-4,6(5H)-dione unit

Anxin Sun et al.

JOURNAL OF SEMICONDUCTORS (2021)

Editorial Material Physics, Condensed Matter

Solution-processed tandem organic solar cells

Xiaoyan Du et al.

JOURNAL OF SEMICONDUCTORS (2021)

Article Physics, Condensed Matter

Side chain engineering on D18 polymers yields 18.74% power conversion efficiency

Xianyi Meng et al.

JOURNAL OF SEMICONDUCTORS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Balancing the efficiency, stability, and cost potential for organic solar cells via a new figure of merit

Wenyan Yang et al.

Summary: The research found that as the thickness of the active layer of organic solar cells decreases, the thermal stability gradually increases, leading to the development of a new industrial index, i-FOM2.0, which helps address the balance between efficiency, stability, and cost, and accelerates the commercialization of OSCs.
Article Chemistry, Physical

Achieving over 17% efficiency of ternary all-polymer solar cells with two well-compatible polymer acceptors

Rui Sun et al.

Summary: The study focuses on developing high-performance all-polymer solar cells by designing a novel polymer acceptor PY2F-T and enhancing efficiency through ternary blend with PYT in the PM6: PY2F-T host system. This approach significantly improves power conversion efficiency and stability, marking a promising future for the application of all-PSCs.
Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Wide Bandgap Polymer with Narrow Photon Harvesting in Visible Light Range Enables Efficient Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaics

Chunyu Xu et al.

Summary: The study successfully prepared efficient semitransparent organic photovoltaic devices using a wide bandgap polymer and a small molecule blend system, achieving high visible light transmittance and high photovoltaic conversion efficiency through adjusting the blend ratio and optimizing the electrode structure.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Single-Junction Organic Photovoltaic Cell with 19% Efficiency

Yong Cui et al.

Summary: By combining material design and ternary blending strategy, a maximum power conversion efficiency of 19.0% is achieved in single-junction OPV cells. Optimized active layer structure significantly improves the photovoltaic parameters, enhancing the performance and PCE values of the cells.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

A Thiadiazole-Based Conjugated Polymer with Ultradeep HOMO Level and Strong Electroluminescence Enables 18.6% Efficiency in Organic Solar Cell

Tao Zhang et al.

Summary: This study introduces a new thiadiazole-based conjugated polymer PB2F with a deep HOMO level, achieving high PCE in OSCs when blended with IT-4F. Furthermore, adding PB2F as a third component to PBDB-TF:BTP-eC9 blend leads to outstanding PCE, one of the highest in OSCs.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Effects of Heteroatom Substitution on the Photovoltaic Performance of Donor Materials in Organic Solar Cells

Hang Yang et al.

Summary: In recent years, the innovation of narrow bandgap acceptor materials combined with wide bandgap donor materials has significantly improved the power conversion efficiencies of organic solar cells to exceed 18%. Key factors determining the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells include absorption spectra, molecular orbital energy levels, molecular packing, and charge carrier mobilities. Strategies such as heteroatom substitution on the molecular backbone and halogen atom substitution can optimize the photovoltaic properties of donor materials, while flexible side chains like alkylthio and alkylsilyl can improve solubility and modulate energy levels and absorption spectra of photovoltaic materials.

ACCOUNTS OF MATERIALS RESEARCH (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Manipulating the solubility properties of polymer donors for high-performance layer-by-layer processed organic solar cells

Haijun Ning et al.

Summary: This study presents an effective method to develop high-performance polymer donors for layer-by-layer processed organic solar cells (LBL-OSCs) by manipulating their solubility properties, leading to improved efficiency and reproducibility. The research demonstrates that the solubility property of a polymer significantly impacts electron acceptor penetration, phase separation, and photovoltaic performance of LBL-OSCs.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A donor polymer based on 3-cyanothiophene with superior batch-to-batch reproducibility for high-efficiency organic solar cells

Xiyue Yuan et al.

Summary: A new building block, 3-cyanothiophene (CT), was reported for constructing high-performance donor polymers in organic solar cells (OSCs). The donor polymer (PBCT-2F) based on the CT unit achieved a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.1% and exhibited excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility, showing great potential for industrial synthesis and large-scale manufacturing.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Miscibility Control by Tuning Electrostatic Interactions in Bulk Heterojunction for Efficient Organic Solar Cells

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