4.3 Review

Emerging Strategies to Improve the Stability and Bioavailability of Insulin: An Update on Formulations and Delivery Approaches

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Summary: The aim of this study was to develop a new nano-delivery system for buccal administration of insulin. Positively charged poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles coated with chitosan were prepared using the water-oil-water microemulsion solvent evaporation technique, and loaded into a buccal film. Evaluation of the nanoparticles' size, charge, and surface morphology, as well as in vitro insulin release experiments, demonstrated controlled and sustained delivery when using the buccal film.

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Stabilization of insulin using low molecular weight chitosan carbonate nanocarrier

Mayyas Al-Remawi et al.

Summary: The current study aimed to design a nanoparticulate system for encapsulating insulin and improving its stability. Nanoparticles were successfully formulated through the ionic cross-linking of chitosan with carbonate divalent anions. The findings demonstrated that the chitosan carbonate system not only maintained the stability of insulin conformation but also interacted with insulin.

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Photothermal Activatable Mucoadhesive Fiber Mats for On-Demand Delivery of Insulin via Buccal and Corneal Mucosa

Anna Voronova et al.

Summary: Electrospun fiber mats loaded with therapeutics are being used as a versatile tool in the biomedical field, with stimuli-responsive fiber mats offering timely and controlled drug delivery, particularly for on-demand hormone release like insulin. Research has shown that modified poly(acrylic acid) fiber mats can effectively deliver insulin through buccal and corneal routes.

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Design and Investigation of Penetrating Mechanism of Octaarginine-Modified Alginate Nanoparticles for Improving Intestinal Insulin Delivery

Manman Li et al.

Summary: The study aimed to design octaarginine-modified insulin-alginate nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery, which showed improved stability, controlled release, insulin transport capacity, and hypoglycemic effect compared to unmodified nanoparticles. The mechanism of penetration may involve the production of endogenous nitric oxide signal molecule, leading to enhanced insulin intestinal uptake. The cytotoxicity analysis confirmed the safety of orally administrated nanoparticles, indicating their potential for oral delivery of protein drugs.

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Alginate Calcium Microbeads Containing Chitosan Nanoparticles for Controlled Insulin Release

Jinglei Li et al.

Summary: An effective delivery system for oral insulin administration was developed using alginate microbeads containing chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) for controlled release of insulin. The optimized CNP with a size around 150 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 23.70% showed promising potential for oral insulin delivery. The insulin-loaded alginate microbeads significantly lowered blood glucose level in hyperglycemia model mice in a controlled manner for up to 96 hours, demonstrating the potential for extended release of insulin.

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Inclusion complex based on N-acetyl-L-cysteine and arginine modified hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin for oral insulin delivery

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Summary: In this study, a novel oral insulin microemulsion was developed with piperine as a permeation enhancer and albumin as a stabilizer. The microemulsion showed small droplet size and good stability, maintaining INS stability in simulated gastrointestinal fluids and showing improved uptake and permeation compared to free INS. Animal studies demonstrated a significantly higher hypoglycemic effect and pharmacokinetic studies revealed higher AUC for the microemulsion with albumin as a stabilizer, suggesting its potential for oral delivery of bio-macromolecules.

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Summary: Hydrogels have the potential to effectively encapsulate and stabilize biotherapeutics, such as insulin, preventing issues caused by harsh conditions during storage and transportation. This supramolecular hydrogel system can maintain the bioactivity of insulin for over 28 days and can be easily recovered for administration at the point of care, showing promise in reducing the dependence of insulin and other biotherapeutics on the cold chain.

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Summary: A nanocomplex system targeting the intestines was developed using biotin modification and hyaluronic acid coating to enhance penetration efficiency and achieve significant hypoglycemic effects.

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Summary: Arabinoxylans microspheres were shown to protect insulin from degradation in the upper gastrointestinal tract and effectively lower blood glucose levels in diabetic rats, while also improving symptoms and increasing the presence of beneficial bacteria.

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