Emerging Strategies to Improve the Stability and Bioavailability of Insulin: An Update on Formulations and Delivery Approaches

One of the primary goals of diabetes management is to maintain blood glucose levels within a normal range, and insulin plays a vital role in achieving this. All Type 1 DM patients and advanced Type 2 DM patients require insulin. Insulin is administered subcutaneously, which may cause patient discomfort from the use of needles. Therefore, developing alternative routes of insulin administration has always been a major focus of diabetes research. This review aims to provide an update on the insulin formulations and delivery routes as well as strategies used to improve its stability and bioavailability for the treatment of diabetes.

Automated summary

One of the primary goals in diabetes management is to maintain blood glucose levels within a normal range, which requires the use of insulin for Type 1 and advanced Type 2 diabetes patients. However, insulin administration through subcutaneous injection may cause discomfort. Therefore, this review focuses on providing an update on insulin formulations, alternative delivery routes, and strategies to improve stability and bioavailability for diabetes treatment.