Fish Biomonitoring and Ecological Assessment in the Dianchi Lake Basin Based on Environmental DNA

Fish are among the main target groups when conducting biomonitoring and ecological assessment of aquatic environments. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding provides a unique opportunity to enhance biomonitoring throughput, precision, and standardization. However, few fish monitoring studies based on eDNA metabarcoding have been conducted at the basin scale. Taking Dianchi Lake and the three inflowing rivers (Panlong River, Baoxiang River, and Chai River) as research objects, this study monitored fish diversity via eDNA metabarcoding, and the Fish Index of Biological Integrity (F-IBI) was constructed and applied for the ecological assessment of the aquatic environment. Here, we detected 41 species belonging to 9 orders, 15 families, and 35 genera in the sampling areas, including 17 native fish species such as Hemiculter leucisculus, Cyprinus carpio, and Silurus soldatovi. Distinct diversity patterns were observed among Dianchi Lake and the three inflowing rivers. Particularly, the fish diversity of Panlong River was richer than that of Dianchi Lake, Baoxiang River, and Chai River. Water temperature (WT), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) significantly influenced the distribution of fish communities in most sampling sites of the Dianchi Lake basin (p < 0.05). Moreover, according to the F-IBI assessment system, 25% of the sampling sites were defined as 'fine' or above, and 75% were 'impaired' or below. This study provided insights into the ecological restoration and precise management of the aquatic environment of the Dianchi Lake basin.

Automated summary

This study used eDNA metabarcoding to monitor fish diversity in the Dianchi Lake basin and constructed the Fish Index of Biological Integrity (F-IBI) for ecological assessment. The results showed distinct diversity patterns among Dianchi Lake and the three inflowing rivers, and water temperature, chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus significantly influenced the distribution of fish communities. According to the F-IBI assessment system, 25% of the sampling sites were defined as 'fine' or above, and 75% were 'impaired' or below.