Moist Convection in the Giant Planet Atmospheres

The outer planets of our Solar System display a myriad of interesting cloud features, of different colors and sizes. The differences between the types of observed clouds suggest a complex interplay between the dynamics and chemistry at play in these atmospheres. Particularly, the stark difference between the banded structures of Jupiter and Saturn vs. the sporadic clouds on the ice giants highlights the varieties in dynamic, chemical and thermal processes that shape these atmospheres. Since the early explorations of these planets by spacecrafts, such as Voyager and Voyager 2, there are many outstanding questions about the long-term stability of the observed features. One hypothesis is that the internal heat generated during the formation of these planets is transported to the upper atmosphere through latent heat release from convecting clouds (i.e., moist convection). In this review, we present evidence of moist convective activity in the gas giant atmospheres of our Solar System from remote sensing data, both from ground- and space-based observations. We detail the processes that drive moist convective activity, both in terms of the dynamics as well as the microphysical processes that shape the resulting clouds. Finally, we also discuss the effects of moist convection on shaping the large-scale dynamics (such as jet structures on these planets).

Automated summary

The atmospheres of the outer planets in our Solar System exhibit a wide array of intriguing cloud features, varying in color and size. The distinct differences in cloud types observed suggest a complex interplay between the dynamics and chemistry at play in these atmospheres. The contrasting banded structures of Jupiter and Saturn compared to the sporadic clouds on the ice giants highlight the diverse dynamic, chemical, and thermal processes shaping these atmospheres. This review presents evidence of moist convective activity in the gas giant atmospheres of our Solar System through remote sensing data from both ground- and space-based observations. The processes driving moist convective activity, including dynamics and microphysics shaping the resulting clouds, are discussed, as well as the effects of moist convection on large-scale dynamics such as jet structures on these planets.