Shoreline Change Assessment in the Coastal Region of Bangladesh Delta Using Tasseled Cap Transformation from Satellite Remote Sensing Dataset

Bangladesh is a global south hotspot due to climate change and sea level rise concerns. It is a highly disaster-prone country in the world with active deltaic shorelines. The shorelines are quickly changing to coastal accretion and erosion. Erosion is one of the water hazards to landmass sinking, and accretion relates to land level rises due to sediment load deposition on the Bay of Bengal continental shelf. Therefore, this study aimed to explore shoreline status with change assessment for the three study years 1991, 2006, and 2021 using satellite remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) approaches. Landsat 5, 7 ETM+, and 8 OLI satellite imageries were employed for onshore tasseled cap transformation (TCT) and land and sea classification calculations to create shore boundaries, baseline assessment, land accretion, erosion, point distance, and near feature analysis. We converted 16,550 baseline vertices to points as the study ground reference points (GRPs) and validated those points using the country datasheet collected from the Survey of Bangladesh (SoB). We observed that the delta's shorelines were changed, and the overall lands were accredited for the land-increasing characteristics analysis. The total accredited lands in the coastal areas observed during the time periods from 1991 to 2006 were 825.15 km(2), from 2006 to 2021 was 756.69 km(2), and from 1991 to 2021 was 1223.94 km(2) for the 30-year period. Similarly, coastal erosion assessment analysis indicated that the results gained for the period 1991 to 2006 and 2006 to 2021 were 475.87 km(2) and 682.75 km(2), respectively. Therefore, the total coastal erosion was 800.72 km(2) from 1991 to 2021. Neat accretion was 73.94 km(2) for the 30-year period from 1991 to 2021. This research indicates the changes in shorelines, referring to the evidence for the delta's active formation through accretion and erosion processes of 'climate change' and 'sea level rise'. This research projects the erosion process and threatens land use changes toward agriculture and settlements in the coastal regions of Bangladesh.

Automated summary

Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to climate change and sea level rise, leading to changes in its shorelines through accretion and erosion processes. This study utilized satellite remote sensing and GIS approaches to assess shoreline status in 1991, 2006, and 2021. The results revealed an increase in land area by 1223.94 km(2) and coastal erosion of 800.72 km(2) since 1991.