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Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Chaoran Chen et al.
Summary: The CoV-Spectrum website provides support for identifying and tracking new SARS-CoV-2 variants, with flexible mutation search capabilities and analysis on various data sources to understand characteristics and transmission of different variants.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alexandra C. Walls et al.
Summary: Breakthrough infections induce more potent and durable antibody responses compared to those in unvaccinated individuals, providing better protection against spike mutations in variants. Multiple exposures to SARS-CoV-2 antigen enhance the quality of antibody responses. Developing vaccines with broad sarbecovirus immunity is crucial for pandemic preparedness.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.
Summary: Recent surveillance has identified the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, which carries up to 36 mutations in the spike protein and has the potential to evade vaccine-induced immunity. This study found that individuals vaccinated with mRNA vaccines exhibited strong neutralization of the Omicron variant, while most vaccinees had weak neutralization. The study also revealed that the Omicron variant infects more efficiently than other tested variants.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Markus Hoffmann et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is spreading rapidly and shows resistance to most therapeutic antibodies. It also evades neutralization by antibodies induced by infection or vaccination more efficiently than the Delta variant. This suggests that therapeutic antibodies may not be effective against the Omicron variant, and double vaccination with BNT162b2 may not provide adequate protection against severe disease caused by this variant.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Sue Ann Costa Clemens et al.
Summary: A study was conducted to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a third dose of heterologous or homologous vaccines in Brazilian adults who had previously received two doses of CoronaVac. The results showed that a third dose of heterologous vaccines (recombinant adenoviral vectored vaccine or mRNA vaccine) significantly increased immune responses and could improve protection against infection.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Bo Meng et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has a higher affinity for ACE2 and can evade neutralizing antibodies more effectively compared to the Delta variant. A third dose of mRNA vaccine can provide enhanced protection. Omicron has lower replication in lung and gut cells and less efficiently cleaves its spike protein compared to Delta.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Delphine Planas et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, identified in November 2021, has spread rapidly worldwide and shows resistance to most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and vaccine-elicited antibodies. However, it can be neutralized by antibodies generated by a booster vaccine dose.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Juan Manuel Carreno et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, first identified in South Africa and Botswana in November 2021, has rapidly spread globally with high transmissibility. It has an unprecedented number of mutations in its spike gene, leading to immune escape and reduced vaccine efficacy. The neutralizing and binding activity against Omicron varies among individuals with different vaccination and infection histories.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Elisabetta Cameroni et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has raised concerns due to its 37 amino acid substitutions in the spike protein, particularly in the receptor-binding domain (RBD), leading to increased binding affinity with human ACE2. Neutralizing activity against Omicron was greatly reduced in convalescent and vaccinated individuals compared to the ancestral virus, but this decrease was less significant after a third vaccine dose. Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies recognizing conserved RBD epitopes may be crucial in combating the Omicron variant and future zoonotic transmissions.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sandile Cele et al.
Summary: The study found that the Omicron variant has reduced neutralizing effectiveness in individuals vaccinated with Pfizer BNT162b2, but those who had previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed better neutralization against Omicron.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Raquel Viana et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in southern Africa has experienced three distinct waves, driven by different variants. The recently identified Omicron variant has rapidly spread in South Africa and to numerous countries, raising global concern.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Rigel Suzuki et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly in several countries and has shown lower fusogenicity and attenuated pathogenicity compared to the Delta variant.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yunlong Cao et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 contains 15 mutations in the receptor-binding domain, leading to evasion of over 85% of tested neutralizing antibodies. Different epitope groups of neutralizing antibodies are affected to varying degrees by single mutations of Omicron. Antibodies targeting the conserved region of sarbecovirus remain most effective against Omicron.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Akatsuki Saito et al.
Summary: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the B.1.617.2/Delta variant has been found to be highly fusogenic and more pathogenic in infected hamsters compared to prototypic SARS-CoV-2. The P681R mutation in the spike protein of this variant enhances viral fusogenicity and pathogenicity.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Lihong Liu et al.
Summary: The B.1.1.529/Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, initially detected in southern Africa, has rapidly spread globally and is expected to become dominant due to its enhanced transmissibility in the coming weeks. This variant poses a threat to the efficacy of current COVID-19 vaccines and antibody therapies due to its significant antibody resistance. Even individuals who have received vaccines and booster doses may have reduced neutralizing activity against B.1.1.529.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Paul R. Wratil et al.
Summary: This study reports on the dynamics of neutralizing antibodies in individuals convalescing from coronavirus disease 2019 or who are vaccine-naive and subsequently vaccinated. The findings suggest that infection-plus-vaccination-induced hybrid immunity or triple immunization can induce high-quality antibodies with superior neutralization capacity against variants of concern, including omicron.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Laura A. VanBlargan et al.
Summary: The emergence of the B.1.1.529 Omicron variant raises concerns about the efficacy of antibody countermeasures. This study shows that some of the antibodies currently in clinical use may lose their ability to neutralize the Omicron variant.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Henning Gruell et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is greatly reduced in individuals who received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine or have recovered from the disease, but is significantly increased after a booster vaccine dose.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Samuel M. S. Cheng et al.
Summary: Specific antibody levels against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant decrease significantly after two doses of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac vaccines, but can be markedly increased with a booster dose of BNT162b2. Individuals who previously received two doses of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac showed reduced serum antibody titers against Omicron, while a BNT162b2 booster dose increased the antibody levels in the majority of individuals. This suggests mRNA vaccine boosters may be necessary in countries primarily using CoronaVac vaccines to combat the spread of Omicron.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
R. L. Atmar et al.
Summary: This study investigated the efficacy of homologous and heterologous booster vaccines in adults who had completed a primary Covid-19 vaccine regimen. The results showed that both types of booster vaccines were safe and immunogenic.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Xin Zhao et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Cong Zeng et al.
Summary: This study provides evidence that SARS-CoV-2 spreads through cell-cell contact and the spike glycoprotein plays a crucial role in this transmission. Cell-to-cell transmission is more efficient with SARS-CoV-2 spike compared to SARS-CoV spike, and endosomal membrane fusion is identified as an underlying mechanism. The genuine variants of concern (VOCs) B.1.1.7 (alpha) and B.1.351 (beta) have similar cell-to-cell transmission capability, with some differences in resistance to neutralization and inhibition by vaccinee sera.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Xun Wang et al.
Summary: This study found that the Omicron variant is highly resistant to neutralization by sera from convalescents or individuals vaccinated with two doses of inactivated whole-virion vaccines. However, a homologous or heterologous booster significantly increased neutralization titers. Additionally, the Omicron variant resists most monoclonal antibodies targeting distinct epitopes. These findings highlight the importance of pushing forward booster vaccinations to combat emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Venice Servellita et al.
Summary: A study on vaccinated individuals found that Delta breakthrough infection induced stronger neutralizing immunity against the wild-type virus compared to Omicron breakthrough infection. The reduced antibody response in Omicron breakthrough infections may be related to a higher proportion of asymptomatic or mild infections, leading to lower neutralizing immunity against the wild-type virus.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Daichi Yamasoba et al.
Summary: Research has shown that the Omicron lineage BA.1 has been outpaced by a new Omicron lineage, BA.2, which is more transmissible. Immunity induced by COVID vaccines does not effectively protect against BA.2, similar to BA.1, and BA.2 has notable antigenic differences from BA.1. BA.2 spike shows higher replication efficacy and cell fusion capability compared to BA.1 spike. Infection experiments on hamsters indicate that BA.2 spike-bearing virus is more pathogenic than BA.1 spike-bearing virus. Overall, these findings suggest that the risk of BA.2 to global health is potentially higher than that of BA.1.
Article
Microbiology
Prerna Arora et al.
Summary: The Omicron sublineages show comparable cell entry and fusion efficiency and are dependent on ACE2. BA.2 exhibits lower neutralization efficiency by most antibodies used for COVID-19 therapy, while Cilgavimab can effectively neutralize BA.2 and BA.3, potentially serving as a treatment option. Furthermore, all sublineages are similarly neutralized by antibodies induced by the BNT162b2 vaccine.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
John P. Evans et al.
Summary: Recent reports show that SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant sub-lineages BA.1, BA.1.1, and BA.2 have raised concerns about their ability to escape vaccine-induced and infection-induced immunity. A study finds that all Omicron sub-lineages, especially BA.1 and BA.1.1, exhibit significant immune escape, but this can be largely overcome by mRNA vaccine booster doses. The findings highlight the importance of booster vaccine doses for protection against all Omicron variants and provide insights into the immunity from natural infection against Omicron sub-lineages.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Suvichada Assawakosri et al.
Summary: Heterologous booster vaccines can significantly increase immune responses in individuals vaccinated with 2 doses of CoronaVac, which may help combat the Delta and Omicron variants.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ryuta Uraki et al.
Summary: The replicative ability and pathogenicity of Omicron BA.2 variant is similar to that of BA.1 in rodents, but it shows less pathogenicity compared to early SARS-CoV-2 strains. There is a marked reduction in the neutralizing activity of plasma from individuals who had recovered from COVID-19 and vaccine recipients against BA.2 variant.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Aekkachai Tuekprakhon et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread globally and has evolved into different sublineages, with BA.4 and BA.5 dominating in South Africa. These sublineages show reduced neutralization by vaccine and naturally immune serum, indicating the possibility of repeat Omicron infections.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Qian Wang et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 have become dominant in the United States and South Africa, raising concerns about their ability to evade neutralizing antibodies and compromise the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutic monoclonals. A systematic antigenic analysis reveals that BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 have different levels of resistance to antibodies, with BA.2.12.1 being modestly resistant and BA.4/5 being substantially resistant. Certain mutations in the spike protein facilitate antibody escape, but compromise the spike affinity for the viral receptor. Only bebtelovimab retains full potency against both subvariants.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yunlong Cao et al.
Summary: Omicron sublineages BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 have higher transmissibility and increased evasion of neutralizing antibodies compared to the BA.2 lineage. They exhibit similar binding affinities to the ACE2 receptor as BA.2. BA.1 infection after vaccination boosts humoral immune memory against wild-type SARS-CoV-2, but these antibodies are largely evaded by BA.2 and BA.4/BA.5 variants.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Houriiyah Tegally et al.
Summary: The genomic characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages BA.4 and BA.5, responsible for the fifth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa, reveals their continued viral diversification and sheds light on the potential mechanisms that allow these new lineages to outcompete their predecessors. These new lineages, BA.4 and BA.5, share identical spike proteins with BA.2 but have certain differences such as the presence of the 69-70 deletion, L452R, F486V, and the wild-type amino acid at Q493. They can be identified by the S-gene target failure, a proxy marker associated with the 69-70 deletion. BA.4 and BA.5 have rapidly replaced BA.2 and have become the dominant lineages in South Africa.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
John E. Bowen et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of concern, characterized by numerous spike mutations, exhibits enhanced binding to ACE2, reduced fusogenicity, and reduced neutralizing activity against plasma induced by infection or vaccines. However, booster doses based on the Wuhan-Hu-1 spike sequence significantly increase neutralizing antibody titers and breadth against multiple Omicron sublineages.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Khadija Khan et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sub-lineages BA.4 and BA.5, first identified in South Africa, have mutations in the spike receptor binding domain compared to BA.1. Experimental results show that BA.4 and BA.5 have reduced neutralization against BA.1 in unvaccinated individuals, but this effect is less pronounced in vaccinated individuals.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Izumi Kimura et al.
Summary: After the global spread of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, several BA.2 subvariants, including BA.2.9.1, BA.2.11, BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5, emerged in multiple countries. Statistical analysis showed that these BA.2 subvariants have higher effective reproduction numbers than the original BA.2. Neutralization experiments revealed that the immunity induced by BA.1/2 infections is less effective against BA.4/5. Cell culture experiments demonstrated that BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 replicate more efficiently in human alveolar epithelial cells than BA.2, with BA.4/5 being more fusogenic. The study also provided the structure of the BA.4/5 spike receptor-binding domain and investigated the substitutions in the BA.4/5 spike that play a role in ACE2 binding and immune evasion. Additionally, experiments using hamsters suggested that BA.4/5 is more pathogenic than BA.2. The multiscale investigations suggest that the risk of BA.2 subvariants, particularly BA.4/5, to global health is greater than that of the original BA.2.
Article
Cell Biology
Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan et al.
Summary: This study investigated the virological features and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 and found that BA.2 is more transmissible than BA.1 but has lower pathogenicity in the lungs.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yanan Zhang et al.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
David S. Khoury et al.
Summary: The level of neutralizing antibodies is closely related to immune protection against COVID-19, playing a crucial role in protecting against detected infection and severe infection. Studies have shown that neutralizing titers will decline over time after vaccination, leading to decreased protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Ezgi Hacisuleyman et al.
Summary: Despite evidence of vaccine efficacy, two fully vaccinated individuals developed mild symptoms of Covid-19 and were infected with variants of SARS-CoV-2. Sequencing of the virus isolates revealed novel mutations, highlighting the potential risk of illness post-vaccination and subsequent infection with variant virus. Efforts to prevent, diagnose, and characterize variants in vaccinated individuals are crucial.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Editorial Material
Infectious Diseases
Prerak Juthani et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Delphine Planas et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 Delta variant, first identified in India in 2020, has become dominant in some regions and is spreading to many countries. This variant shows resistance to certain monoclonal antibodies and antibodies in convalescent sera, as well as reduced neutralization by some COVID-19 vaccines. Administration of two doses of the vaccine is needed for a neutralizing response against the Delta variant.
Article
Critical Care Medicine
David Hillus et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of homologous and heterologous COVID-19 vaccinations, with results showing that heterologous immunization has good immunogenicity and tolerability.
LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Kun Xu et al.
Summary: COVID-19 has caused millions of deaths and serious consequences, but rapid responses in vaccine development have shown promising results, with 18 vaccines demonstrating good immunogenicity and acceptable reactogenicity.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
James Brett Case et al.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2020)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Seth J. Zost et al.
Article
Immunology
Jianhui Nie et al.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2020)
