Growth Dynamics of Young Mixed Norway Spruce and Birch Stands in Finland

Mixed-species forests in Fennoscandia are of increasing interest because they may improve resilience, biodiversity, and productivity. Currently there is scarce knowledge available of the early growth dynamics of mixed spruce-birch stands in even-aged managed production forests with artificial regeneration of spruce. The main objective of our study was to examine the present state and the past growth dynamics of current single-storied, young spruce-birch (Picea abies (L.) Karst., Betula pendula Roth, Betula pubescens Ehrh.) stands (age 17-29 years), where spruce was planted and birch naturally regenerated, and juvenile management practices (early cleaning and precommercial thinning) were carried out. We inventoried ten such stands in Southern Finland, for a total of twenty plots. For 160 spruces and 160 birch trees, we reconstructed the past diameter and height growth through stem analysis. We analyzed mean stand characteristics by tree species, and we modelled the individual tree height and diameter growth using the mixed effects Chapman-Richards model. Spruces had slower initial height growth, but by the age of about 20 years their height growth rate eventually approached and exceeded that of birches regenerated naturally at the time of spruce planting. The diameter growth of planted spruce exceeded that of birches even sooner (at the age of about 10 years). Thus, spruces are not suppressed by birches, and they may coexist in the same canopy layer in managed stands. Contrary to earlier guidelines, due to the fast growth of planted spruces, birch mixture needs to be maintained already in the first juvenile stand management (i.e., early cleaning). The growth dynamics of young, planted spruce, and naturally regenerated birch allow the establishment and management of such mixtures and also maintenance of the mixture in the future until the end of the rotation, thus improving biodiversity in boreal, planted spruce forests.

Automated summary

Mixed-species forests in Fennoscandia are gaining attention for their potential to enhance resilience, biodiversity, and productivity. This study aimed to investigate the growth dynamics of spruce-birch stands in managed forests with artificial regeneration. The findings showed that spruces were not suppressed by birches and were able to coexist in the same canopy layer. The fast growth of planted spruces suggests that maintaining the birch mixture should start in the early stage of stand management. These findings contribute to the establishment and management of mixed-species forests, improving biodiversity in boreal, planted spruce forests.