Impact of Film Stoichiometry on the Ionization Energy and Electronic Structure of CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskites

The electronic structure of a large sample set of CH3NH3PbI3-based per-ovskites is studied. Combined investigations by UV/X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction reveal that interstitials present in the film lead to changes in the occupied density of states close to the valence band, which in turn influences the performance of solar cells. Changes in elemental composition tune the ionization energy of the perovskite film by almost 1 eV with-out introducing significant amounts of gap states.