The three-dimensional plasma structures and flows of the Earth's upper atmosphere due to the Moon's gravitational force

The semidiurnal (12.42 h) and semimonthly (14.76 days) lunar tides have been well-known by fishermen for several centuries. The gravitational force of the relative positions between the Sun, the Moon, and the Earth results in two symmetrical tidal bulges (double bulges) appearing at equatorial latitudes directly under and opposite the Moon. We utilize ionospheric GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) radio occultation soundings to show the global three-dimensional structures and dynamics of the double bulges of ionospheric lunar tides for the first time. The double-bulge amplitude of ionospheric F2-peak height hmF2, lagging the sublunar or antipodal point by about 2-3 h, is about 3-5 km at the equator and 1.5-2.0 km at +/- 35 degrees magnetic latitude. The electron density further depicts global three-dimensional plasma flows in the ionosphere.

Automated summary

This study utilizes ionospheric GNSS radio occultation soundings to demonstrate the global three-dimensional structures and dynamics of ionospheric lunar tides for the first time. It reveals that the double-bulge amplitude of ionospheric lunar tides varies at the equator and +/- 35 degrees magnetic latitude.