The synthesis, characterizations, and lead adsorption studies of chicken eggshell powder and chicken eggshell powder-doped iron (III) oxide-hydroxide

The contamination of lead in wastewater causes water quality problems, which is toxic to aquatic organisms and environment, so wastewater treatment is required before discharging to receiving water. Chicken eggshell powder (CP) and chicken eggshell powder -doped iron (III) oxide-hydroxide (CPF) were synthesized, characterized, and investigated lead removal efficiencies by batch experiments, adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and desorption experiments. The specific sur-face area and pore volume of CPF were higher than CP, whereas the pore diameter size of CPF was smaller than CP. The phase structures of both materials demonstrated semi-crystalline phases with presenting peaks of calcium carbonate. Their surface morphologies were irregular, rough, and uneven surfaces. In both materials, they detected carbon, calcium, oxygen, O-H, N-H, C,O, C-O, and C-H. The point of zero charges (pHpzc) of CP and CPF were 4.47 and 4.83. For batch experiments, CPF demonstrated a higher lead removal efficiency than CP because of spending less material dosage and contact time than CP, and both materials had high lead removals at a lead con-centration of 50 mg/L by more than 95 %. Thus, the addition of iron (III) oxide-hydroxide helped to increase material efficiency for lead adsorption. CP corresponded to the Langmuir model while CPF corresponded to the Freundlich model. In addition, both materials corresponded to a pseudo -second-order kinetic model relating to a chemisorption process. Moreover, both materials could be reusable for more than 5 cycles for lead adsorption of more than 77 %. Therefore, CPF was a potential material to apply for lead removals in industrial applications.(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Automated summary

The presence of lead in wastewater poses a threat to the quality of water, as well as the aquatic organisms and the environment. Therefore, proper wastewater treatment is necessary before discharging it into receiving water bodies. This study synthesized and investigated the efficiency of lead removal using chicken eggshell powder (CP) and chicken eggshell powder-doped iron (III) oxide-hydroxide (CPF) through various experiments. CPF demonstrated higher lead removal efficiency compared to CP, requiring less material dosage and contact time. Additionally, CPF showed promise as a reusable material for lead adsorption in industrial applications.