Elucidation of the Charging Mechanisms and the Coupled Structural-Mechanical Behavior of Ti3C2Tx (MXenes) Electrodes by In Situ Techniques

The discovery of the Ti3C2Tx compounds (MXenes) a decade ago opened new research directions and valuable opportunities for high-rate energy storage applications. The unique ability of the MXenes to host various mono- and multivalent cations and their high stability in different electrolyte environments including aqueous, organic, and ionic liquid solutions, promoted the rapid development of advanced MXene-based electrodes for a large variety of applications. Unlike the vast majority of typical intercalation compounds, the electrochemical performance of MXene electrodes is strongly influenced by the presence of co-inserted solvent molecules, which cannot be detected by conventional current/potential electrochemical measurements. Furthermore, the electrochemical insertion of ions into MXene interspaces results in strong coupling with the intercalation-induced structural, dimensional, and viscoelastic changes in the polarized MXene electrodes. To shed light on the charging mechanisms of MXene systems and their associated phenomena, the use of a large variety of real-time monitoring techniques has been proposed in recent years. This review summarizes the most essential findings related to the charging mechanism of Ti3C2Tx electrodes and their potential induced structural and mechanical phenomena obtained by in situ investigations.

Automated summary

The discovery of MXene compounds has opened up new research directions and opportunities for high-rate energy storage applications. MXenes show unique ability to host various cations and have high stability in different electrolyte environments. The electrochemical performance of MXene electrodes is influenced by co-inserted solvent molecules and their coupling with structural changes. Real-time monitoring techniques have been proposed to study the charging mechanisms of MXene systems. This review summarizes the essential findings related to the charging mechanism of Ti3C2Tx electrodes and their induced structural and mechanical phenomena obtained from in situ investigations.