Overcoming the entropy of polymer chains by making a plane with terminal groups: a thermoplastic PDMS with a long-range 1D structural order

Due to its unique physical and chemical properties, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used in many applications, in which covalent cross-linking is commonly used to cure the fluidic polymer. The formation of a non-covalent network achieved through the incorporation of terminal groups that exhibit strong intermolecular interactions has also been reported to improve the mechanical properties of PDMS. Through the design of a terminal group capable of two-dimensional (2D) assembly, rather than the generally used multiple hydrogen bonding motifs, we have recently demonstrated an approach for inducing long-range structural ordering of PDMS, resulting in a dramatic change in the polymer from a fluid to a viscous solid. Here we present an even more surprising terminal-group effect: simply replacing a hydrogen with a methoxy group leads to extraordinary enhancement of the mechanical properties, giving rise to a thermoplastic PDMS material without covalent cross-linking. This finding would update the general notion that less polar and smaller terminal groups barely affect polymer properties. Based on a detailed study of the thermal, structural, morphological and rheological properties of the terminal-functionalized PDMS, we revealed that 2D assembly of the terminal groups results in networks of PDMS chains, which are arranged as domains with long-range one-dimensional (1D) periodic order, thereby increasing the storage modulus of the PDMS to exceed its loss modulus. Upon heating, the 1D periodic order is lost at around 120 degrees C, while the 2D assembly is maintained up to similar to 160 degrees C. The 2D and 1D structures are recovered in sequence upon cooling. Due to the thermally reversible, stepwise structural disruption/formation as well as the lack of covalent cross-linking, the terminal-functionalized PDMS shows thermoplastic behavior and self-healing properties. The terminal group presented herein, which can form a 'plane', might also drive other polymers to assemble into a periodically ordered network structure, thereby allowing for significant modulation of their mechanical properties.

Automated summary

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used due to its unique physical and chemical properties, and covalent cross-linking is commonly used to cure it. However, by incorporating terminal groups with strong intermolecular interactions, a non-covalent network can be formed, greatly improving the mechanical properties of PDMS. Through the design of a terminal group capable of two-dimensional (2D) assembly, a dramatic change in the polymer from a fluid to a viscous solid can be induced. Additionally, simply replacing a hydrogen with a methoxy group leads to extraordinary enhancement of the mechanical properties, giving rise to a thermoplastic PDMS material without covalent cross-linking.