COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Effects of Hepatitis B Virus Infection on Patients with COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis

Yang Yu et al.

Summary: HBV infection increases the in-hospital mortality and risk of severe disease in COVID-19 patients, and also leads to abnormal liver function in these patients.

DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SCIENCES (2023)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Management of COVID-19 patients with chronic liver diseases and liver transplants

Xinyu Hu et al.

Summary: This article discusses the causes of liver injury in COVID-19 patients, the underlying mechanisms, and the impact of different CLDs on the course of COVID-19. Despite the lack of relevant research, it provides valuable insights for future prevention and management measures for COVID-19.

ANNALS OF HEPATOLOGY (2022)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction

Agustin Albillos et al.

Summary: CAID is a spectrum of immune alterations associated with end-stage liver disease, including systemic inflammation and immune deficiency. The severity of CAID progresses parallel with cirrhosis stage, involving low-grade and high-grade systemic inflammatory phenotypes. Therapies targeting modulation of this dysfunctional immune response are currently under evaluation in preclinical and clinical studies.

NATURE REVIEWS GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2022)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Vaccination in Chronic Liver Disease: An Update

Joseph J. Alukal et al.

Summary: Vaccination is recommended for patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) to prevent hepatic decompensation, but overall vaccination coverage remains low. This review summarizes the impact of vaccine-preventable illness in those with CLD, updated vaccine guidelines, and barriers faced by healthcare professionals in immunizing those with liver disease.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEPATOLOGY (2022)

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Review Allergy

What have we learned about the allergenicity and adverse reactions associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccines: One year later

Ana M. Copaescu et al.

Summary: This article discusses the development of COVID-19 vaccines and the mechanisms of allergic reactions, providing a detailed management approach. The results suggest that most patients with allergic reactions can tolerate subsequent doses.

ANNALS OF ALLERGY ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Liver injury after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: Features of immune-mediated hepatitis, role of corticosteroid therapy and outcome

Cumali Efe et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the clinical features, treatment response, and outcomes of liver injury following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. The liver injury was predominantly hepatocellular and some patients showed features of immune-mediated hepatitis. Corticosteroid therapy may be beneficial for patients with immune-mediated features or severe hepatitis. The overall outcome was generally favorable, but a few patients experienced vaccine-associated liver failure.

HEPATOLOGY (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

COVID-19 vaccines in patients with decompensated cirrhosis: a retrospective cohort on safety data and risk factors associated with unvaccinated status

Zhujun Cao et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 vaccination rate is low in patients with decompensated cirrhosis in eastern China, particularly in those with a history of ACLF or hepatic encephalopathy and liver transplantation recipients. Factors associated with remaining unvaccinated include the experience of hepatic encephalopathy or ACLF and post-liver transplantation status. Vaccination against COVID-19 is safe in this population.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF POVERTY (2022)

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Article Immunology

Patients with Liver Cirrhosis Show High Immunogenicity upon COVID-19 Vaccination but Develop Premature Deterioration of Antibody Titers

Katharina Willuweit et al.

Summary: Patients with liver cirrhosis showed a favorable initial outcome after vaccination with the COVID-19 vaccine, but the antibody response deteriorated rapidly over time, highlighting the importance of early booster immunization for this group of patients.

VACCINES (2022)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Characteristics and Comparison of Adverse Events of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccines Reported to the United States Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System Between 14 December 2020 and 8 October 2021

Chenyu Zou et al.

Summary: This study assessed and compared the frequency and type of adverse events of Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, and Janssen COVID-19 vaccines reported in VAERS. The majority of adverse events were mild, with mortality cases occurring in older adults with underlying conditions. Further assessment and validation through longitudinal, large healthcare data systems are needed.

FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity among chronic liver disease patients and liver transplant recipients: A meta-analysis

Ka Shing Cheung et al.

Summary: COVID-19 vaccination elicits good humoral response in chronic liver disease patients, while liver transplant recipients show lower response.

CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR HEPATOLOGY (2022)

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Editorial Material Rheumatology

Immunosuppression and SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections

Alfred H. J. Kim et al.

LANCET RHEUMATOLOGY (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Antibody response after a booster dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in liver transplant recipients and those with chronic liver diseases

Mahak Chauhan et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that a booster dose can enhance antibody response in liver transplant recipients and patients with chronic liver diseases who have poor initial vaccine responses.

ANNALS OF HEPATOLOGY (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Risk of acute liver injury following the mRNA (BNT162b2) and inactivated (CoronaVac) COVID-19 vaccines

Carlos King Ho Wong et al.

Summary: This study found no evidence of an increased risk of acute liver injury (ALI) following COVID-19 vaccination. The risk of ALI was much higher after SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to vaccination. Therefore, the benefits of mass COVID-19 vaccination outweigh the potential risks.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

Immunogenicity of an mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccine among Adolescents with Obesity or Liver Transplants

Chomchanat Tubjaroen et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the humoral immune response in liver transplant recipients and obese adolescents after receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine. The results suggest the need for a booster vaccination for groups with a lower immunogenic response.

VACCINES (2022)

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Article Immunology

Effectiveness of Booster Dose of Anti SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 in Cirrhosis: Longitudinal Evaluation of Humoral and Cellular Response

Vincenzo Giambra et al.

Summary: This study assessed the humoral and cellular immune response of cirrhotic patients after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The results showed that cirrhotic patients had slower and suboptimal immune responses compared to the control group, but the rates of breakthrough infections were similar between the two groups.

VACCINES (2022)

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Review Microbiology

COVID-19 as Another Trigger for HBV Reactivation: Clinical Case and Review of Literature

Caterina Sagnelli et al.

Summary: HBV infection remains a significant public health issue globally, and patients may experience hepatitis reactivation while undergoing immunosuppressive therapy or chemotherapy; the COVID-19 pandemic has introduced new risks for HBV reactivation, especially with the use of medications like dexamethasone.

PATHOGENS (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Humoral Immunogenicity to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Liver Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Jeong-Ju Yoo et al.

Summary: After SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, OLT recipients had a 70% humoral immune response rate, lower than healthy controls but favorable compared to other solid organ transplant recipients. Factors such as male sex, old age, chronic kidney disease, obesity, and high immunosuppressant doses increased the risk of unresponsiveness in OLT patients.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2022)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Immune-mediated liver injury following COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review

Akash Roy et al.

Summary: This article provides a systematic review on immune-mediated liver injury (ILI) following COVID-19 vaccination. The study found that ILI after vaccination is rare and often presents with symptoms such as jaundice. Concurrent medication use and pre-existing comorbidities are common among ILI patients. The diagnosis of ILI is established based on histopathology and biochemical findings, and corticosteroids have shown excellent efficacy in treating ILI.

HEPATOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Molecular consequences of SARS-CoV-2 liver tropism

Nicola Wanner et al.

Summary: The study provides evidence for the hepatic tropism of SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on liver injury in COVID-19 patients. The researchers found viral RNA in autopsy liver specimens and successfully isolated infectious SARS-CoV-2 from liver tissue postmortem. The study also reveals similarities between the liver signatures of COVID-19 and other viral infections.

NATURE METABOLISM (2022)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

COVID-19 Vaccines in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease

Anand Sharma et al.

Summary: The global COVID-19 pandemic has caused chaos, with patients suffering from chronic liver disease facing higher risks. Although data on vaccine trials among this population are limited, experts still recommend prioritizing vaccination in this group, with no liver-related adverse effects reported so far.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with chronic liver disease: An international registry study

Thomas Marjot et al.

Summary: This international registry study demonstrates that patients with cirrhosis are at increased risk of death from COVID-19. Mortality from COVID-19 was particularly high among patients with more advanced cirrhosis and those with alcohol-related liver disease.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

S1060 Safety and Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients With Cirrhosis in United States: A Multicenter Study

Yousaf B. Hadi et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19

Yun Kit Yeoh et al.

Summary: This study found that the gut microbiome composition was significantly altered in patients with COVID-19 compared to non-COVID-19 individuals, regardless of medication received. Certain gut commensals known for their immunomodulatory potential were underrepresented in patients and remained low even after disease resolution. Additionally, the altered gut microbiome composition correlated with disease severity and elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and blood markers.

GUT (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Cirrhosis and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in US Veterans: Risk of Infection, Hospitalization, Ventilation, and Mortality

George N. Ioannou et al.

Summary: Patients with cirrhosis infected with SARS-CoV-2 have a 3.5-fold increase in mortality, while patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who also have cirrhosis have a 1.7-fold increase in mortality.

HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Review Virology

Association of Sex, Age, and Comorbidities with Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Mohitosh Biswas et al.

Summary: The study found that male patients, patients over 50, and patients with comorbidities such as kidney disease and cerebrovascular disease were significantly more at risk of mortality from COVID-19. However, liver disease did not show a significant association with mortality risk.

INTERVIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with autoimmune hepatitis

Thomas Marjot et al.

Summary: Patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) did not have an increased risk of adverse outcomes compared to other causes of chronic liver disease (CLD) and to matched cases without liver disease, despite the use of immunosuppressive treatment.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

AASLD Expert Panel Consensus Statement: Vaccines to Prevent COVID‐19 Infection in Patients with Liver Disease

Oren K. Fix et al.

HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

The Johnson & Johnson Vaccine for COVID-19

Edward H. Livingston et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

EASL position paper on the use of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with chronic liver diseases, hepatobiliary cancer and liver transplant recipients

Markus Cornberg et al.

Summary: According to a recent estimate by the World Health Organization, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected nearly 100 million people globally, with patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD) at higher risk of infections. Vaccination against various pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, is important for these patients, although impaired immune responses may affect the efficacy of immunization. The safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with CLD, cirrhosis, hepatobiliary cancer, and liver transplant recipients still require further study.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions Among Patients With Chronic Disease in a Large Gastroenterology and Hepatology Practice

Marina Serper et al.

Summary: Chronic Gastroenterology and Hepatology patients have a high level of trust in the COVID-19 vaccine and are willing to receive it at a medical office or pharmacy, but there are important sociodemographic factors associated with vaccine hesitancy. Patients are likely to follow the recommendations of their specialist physicians for vaccination.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Prognostic Potential of Liver Enzymes in Patients With COVID-19 at the Leishenshan Hospital in Wuhan

Zeming Liu et al.

Summary: Elevated levels of AST and AST/ALT are correlated with severity and mortality of COVID-19. Liver function tests may aid clinicians in determining prognosis for patients undergoing treatment.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Psychology, Biological

A global database of COVID-19 vaccinations

Edouard Mathieu et al.

Summary: An effective rollout of COVID-19 vaccines is crucial in ending the pandemic, and Our World in Data's vaccination dataset tracks the progress and scale of vaccine distribution globally, aiding policymakers and researchers in understanding the global vaccination efforts.

NATURE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Analysis of antibody responses after COVID-19 vaccination in liver transplant recipients and those with chronic liver diseases

Paul J. Thuluvath et al.

Summary: The study found that 61% of liver transplant recipients and 24% of patients with liver disease had poor antibody responses after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Immunocompromised status, vaccination with a single dose of Johnson & Johnson vaccine, and use of 2 or more immunosuppressive medications were associated with poor immune responses.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Association of BNT162b2 mRNA and mRNA-1273 Vaccines With COVID-19 Infection and Hospitalization Among Patients With Cirrhosis

Binu John et al.

Summary: The study shows that in cirrhosis patients who received mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, the first dose significantly reduces COVID-19 infections, while the second dose provides complete protection against hospitalization or death due to COVID-19 infection.

JAMA INTERNAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Effect of COVID-19 on Pre-existing Liver disease: What Hepatologist Should Know?

Praveen Sharma et al.

Summary: COVID-19 patients may exhibit liver enzyme derangement in 15-55% of cases, with factors like advanced age, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, malignancy, and cardiovascular disease predisposing them to severe disease and hospitalization. Pre-existing liver diseases, particularly cirrhosis, can increase the severity and mortality of COVID-19. Immunosuppression should be reduced in patients with autoimmune liver disease, and certain medications like hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir have been found to be safe for patients with cirrhosis and COVID-19.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology